1How do you study for a test? I study by listening to tapes. How do you learn English? I learn by studying with a group. We can solve a problem by learning to forget. 1 how引导的特殊疑问句：
how通常对方式或程度提问，意思有：怎么样 如何，通常用来做状语、表语。 How…deal with…? =What…do with…? 如何处理…How do we deal with our problems?
What to do? How to do it?如何做？ 疑问词+to do=特殊疑问句 2介词by+doing
1）通过…..方式（途径）,其后动词使用ing形式。例：I learn English by listening to tapes.
2）在……之前，到……为止。例：by October在10月前 2 What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation? What about...的用法：
英语中“What about...?=How about…?后面可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式，可用于向对方提出建议或请求，语气委婉。如： 1. What about having some bread?吃些面包好吗？ 2. What about playing football now?现在踢足球怎么样？ d. 征求对方的看法或意见。如：
1. What about this bike? 这辆自行车怎么样？
2. What about his playing football?他的足球踢得怎么样？ 3 We asked students about the best way to learn more English? Studying grammar is a great way to learn a language . 动词不定式做定语
不定式及其短语作定语，一般放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作。 不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间主要有主谓关系、动宾关系、是动状关系，还有一些不存在以上关系，其被修饰的名词多为抽象名词。
4I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner.
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Worrying about our problems can affect how we do at school. 动名词做主语的用法
动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，口语中可以表示具体的动作。如：
Painting is his hobby．绘画是他的爱好。 Talking mends no holes．空谈无济于事。
5Unless we deal with our problems,we can easily become unhappy. Unless引导条件状语从句。
例：Unless we deal with our problems, we can easily become unhappily.
unless是从属连词，引导条件状语从句，含有否定意义，相当于if条件状语从句的否定形式，即unless = if not。注意：unless引导的条件状语从句和if条件状语从句一样，用一般现在时代替将来时。 Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident. (如果不多加小心的话，你会出事故的。) 6They have too much work to do sometimes.
1)too many的中心词是many，用法与many相同，用来修饰复数可数名词。 He's got too many questions to ask you．
2)too much的中心词是much，用法与much相同，用来修饰不可数名词。 We both have too much work todo．
3)much too的中心词是too，用法与too相同，用来修饰原级形容词或副词。 You're walking much too fast. Slow down．
Unit2
1 I used to be afraid of the dark. I didn't used to like tests. used to do“过去常常做…..”P11 1) I used to be really quiet.
2) Did you use to have straight hair? Yes, I did./ No, I didn’t. 3) I didn’t use to like tests. Now I don’t worry about tests. 疑问形式：Did S use to do sth? Yes, S did./ No, S didn’t. 否定形式：didn’t use to do sth. / used not to do sth.
如：He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。
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Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. He didn’t use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。 辨析：
used to do 过去常常做某事 be used to doing 习惯于做某事 be used to do sth 被用来做某事
2I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends. spend cost take pay v花费（时间、金钱） spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：
(1) spend time ／money on sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）。例：I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
(2) spend time ／ money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
cost的主语是物或某种活动， 还可以表示“值”， 常见用法如下：
(1)sth. costs (sb.) ＋金钱,某物花了（某人）多少钱。例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。
(2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) ＋时间,某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间。例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。
take后面常跟双宾语， 常见用法有以下几种：
(1) It takes sb. ＋时间＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。
(2)doing sth. takes sb. ＋时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。
pay的基本用法是：
(1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱（给某人）买……。例：I have to pay them 20 pounds
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for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。 3 I just don't have the time anymore. 不再：
no more (用在句中)=not…any more (用在句尾) 指次数; no longer (用在句中)=not…any longer (用在句尾) 指时间.
1.no longer表示时间不再延续。习惯用来修饰表示状态的持续动词。
I'm no longer a student.=I am not a student any longer.我不再是个学生了。 2.no more 表示数量或程度不再增加。通常用来修饰表示具体动作的瞬间动词。 You can drink no more. = You can't drink any more.
你不能再喝了。(喝酒的量到了一定程度，不能再继续下去了。) 4 These days, I hardly ever have time for concerts.
hardly adv. 几乎不、没有 hard adj困难的；硬的；adv努力地，猛烈地 hardly ever 很少
hardly 修饰动词时，通常放在助动词、情态动词之后，实义 动词之前 助动词/情态动词＋hardly hardly + 实义动词 如：
I can hardly understand them. 我几乎不能够明白他们。 I hardly have time to do it. 我几乎没有时间去做了。 hard, hardly
It rains hard outside, I could hardly go out. Uni3
1 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 情态动词表义务， should
意为“应该”，用于各种人称。
You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 You shouldn’t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。 ought to
1）表义务，意为“应该”，语气比should稍重。
You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。 You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
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must
1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。
We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 You mustn’t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。
--Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？
--No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn’t）
常考情态动词：must can(could) may(might) have to need should/ought to will(would) shall等 Unit4
You like talking to one or two people rather than to a group. You would rather stay at home and read a book than go to a party. would rather… than…宁愿…….而不愿……
would rather … than … （= would … rather than）宁愿，而不愿。 前后连接两个动词原形，否定形式为：would rather not do sth ①would rather … than … = prefer … to …
但prefer … to … 若连接两个动词，动词应为v-ing 形式。 He would rather jog than play football. =He prefers jogging to playing football. ②would rather 常单独使用，表示“宁愿做…” He would rather watch TV at home.
③rather than不是（连接两个并列成分，前后对称）。 I’d prefer to go to in summer rather than in winter. I decided to write rather than telephone. I like going out with you rather than with him. She enjoys listening rather than speaking. Unit6
I prefer classical music to pop music.
I prefer quiet traditional music so the concert suited me just fine. I prefer not to eat too much food that is fried.
1.prefer v.更喜爱，更喜欢，相当于like……better，其过去式、过去分词为preferred，常用于以下结构：
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(1)prefer+名词、代词I preferred music. Which do you prefer? (2)prefer+动词不定式“宁愿干……”
She prefers to live among the working people. (3) prefer+v-ing I prefer living abroad. (4)prefer+动词不定式复合结构: 常见的搭配有:
①prefer……to……喜欢……而不喜欢……（to为介词） She prefers apples to bananas. ②prefer doing to doing（to为介词） He prefers running to walking.
③prefer to do …… rather than do sth.宁愿干……而不愿干…… They prefer to play games rather than watch TV.
1. Not all the tourists from Japan
_______ Western food to Chinese food. (2007年无锡市) A. likeB. prefer C. enjoyD. love
2. I prefer skiing to _______. The snow makes me excited. (2007年淮安市) A. cycles B. cycling C. cycled
3. Some of my classmates _______ cartoons _______ documentaries. (2007年连云港市) A. prefer ... to B. would rather ... than C. like ... better D. like ... less
4. She prefers to eat outside rather than at home. (2007年甘肃省六市) A. cookB. cooking
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C. to cookD. cooks
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