互联网的历史（1969－2009）
1969: Arpanet
Arpanet was the first real network to run on packet switching technology (new at the time). On the October 29, 1969, computers at Stanford and UCLA connected for the first time. In effect, they were the first hosts on what would one day become the Internet.
The first message sent across the network was supposed to be “Login”, but reportedly, the link between the two colleges crashed on the letter “g”.
1970: Arpanet network
An Arpanet network was established between Harvard, MIT, and BBN (the company that created the “interface message processor” computers used to connect to the network) in 1970.
1971: Email
Email was first developed in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, who also made the decision to use the “@” symbol to separate the user name from the computer name (which later on became the domain name). 1971: Project Gutenberg and eBooks
One of the most impressive developments of 1971 was the start of Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, for those unfamiliar with the site, is a global effort to make books and documents in the public domain available electronically–for free–in a variety of eBook and electronic formats.
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It began when Michael Hart gained access to a large block of computing time and came to the realization that the future of computers wasn’t in computing itself, but in the storage, retrieval and searching of information that, at the time, was only contained in libraries. He manually typed (no OCR at the time) the “Declaration of Independence” and launched Project Gutenberg to make information contained in books widely available in electronic form. In effect, this was the birth of the eBook.
1972: CYCLADES
France began its own Arpanet-like project in 1972, called CYCLADES. While Cyclades was eventually shut down, it did pioneer a key idea: the host computer should be responsible for data transmission rather than the network itself.
1973: The first trans-Atlantic connection and the popularity of emailing Arpanet made its first trans-Atlantic connection in 1973, with the University College of London. During the same year, email accounted for 75% of all Arpanet network activity. 1974: The beginning of TCP/IP
1974 was a breakthrough year. A proposal was published to link Arpa-like networks together into a so-called “inter-network”, which would have no central control and would work around a transmission control protocol (which eventually became TCP/IP).
1975: The email client
With the popularity of emailing, the first modern email program was developed byJohn Vittal, a programmer at the University of Southern California in 1975. The biggest technological advance this program (called MSG) made was the addition of”Reply” and “Forward” functionality. 1977: The PC modem
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1977 was a big year for the development of the Internet as we know it today. It’s the year the first PC modem, developed by Dennis Hayes and Dale Heatherington, was introduced and initially sold to computer hobbyists. 1978: The Bulletin Board System (BBS)
The first bulletin board system (BBS) was developed during a blizzard in Chicago in 1978. 1978: Spam is born
1978 is also the year that brought the first unsolicited commercial email message(later known as spam), sent out to 600 California Arpanet users by Gary Thuerk.
1979: MUD – The earliest form of multiplayer games
The precursor to World of Warcraft and Second Life was developed in 1979, and was called MUD (short for MultiUser Dungeon). MUDs were entirely text-based virtual worlds, combining elements of role-playing games, interactive, fiction, and online chat. 1979: Usenet
1979 also ushered into the scene: Usenet, created by two graduate students. Usenet was an internet-based discussion system, allowing people from around the globe to converse about the same topics by posting public messages categorized by newsgroups.
1980: ENQUIRE software
The European Organization for Nuclear Research (better known as CERN) launchedENQUIRE (written by Tim Berners-Lee), a hypertext program that allowed scientists at the particle physics lab to keep track of people, software, and projects using hypertext (hyperlinks). 1982: The first emoticon
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While many people credit Kevin MacKenzie with the invention of the emoticon in 1979, it was Scott Fahlman in 1982 who proposed using
after
a joke, rather than the original -) proposed by MacKenzie. The modern emoticon was born.
1983: Arpanet computers switch over to TCP/IP
January 1, 1983 was the deadline for Arpanet computers to switch over to the TCP/IP protocols developed by Vinton Cerf. A few hundred computers were affected by the switch. The name server was also developed in ‘83 1984: Domain Name System (DNS)
The domain name system was created in 1984 along with the first Domain Name Servers (DNS). The domain name system was important in that it made addresses on the Internet more human-friendly compared to its numerical IP address counterparts. DNS servers allowed Internet users to type in an easy-to-remember domain name and then converted it to the IP address automatically.
1985: Virtual communities
1985 brought the development of The WELL (short for Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link), one of the oldest virtual communities still in operation. It was developed by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant in February of ‘85. It started out as a community of the readers and writers of the Whole Earth Review and was an open but “remarkably literate and uninhibited intellectual gathering”. Wired Magazine once called The Well “The most influential online community in the world.” 1986: Protocol wars
The so-called Protocol wars began in 1986. European countries at that time were pursuing the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), while the United States was using the Internet/Arpanet protocol, which eventually won out. 1987: The Internet grows
By 1987, there were nearly 30,000 hosts on the Internet. The original Arpanet protocol had been limited to 1,000 hosts, but the adoption of the TCP/IP standard made larger numbers of hosts possible.
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1988: IRC – Internet Relay Chat
Also in 1988, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) was first deployed, paving the way for real-time chat and the instant messaging programs we use today. 1988: First major malicious internet-based attack
One of the first major Internet worms was released in 1988. Referred to as “The Morris Worm”, it was written by Robert Tappan Morris and caused major interruptionsacross large parts of the Internet. 1989: AOL is launched
When Apple pulled out of the AppleLink program in 1989, the project was renamed and America Online was born. AOL, still in existence today, later on made the Internetpopular amongst the average internet users. 1989: The proposal for the World Wide Web
1989 also brought about the proposal for the World Wide Web, written by Tim Berners-Lee. It was originally published in the March issue of MacWorld, and then redistributed in May 1990. It was written to persuade CERN that a global hypertext system was in CERN’s best interest. It was originally called “Mesh”; the term “World Wide Web” was coined while Berners-Lee was writing the code in 1990. 1990: First commercial dial-up ISP
1990 also brought about the first commercial dial-up Internet provider, The World. The same year, Arpanet ceased to exist. 1990: World Wide Web protocols finished
The code for the World Wide Web was written by Tim Berners-Lee, based on his proposal from the year before, along with the standards for HTML, HTTP, and URLs.
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1991: First web page created
1991 brought some major innovations to the world of the Internet. The first web pagewas created and, much like the first email explained what email was, its purpose was to explain what the World Wide Web was. 1991: First content-based search protocol
Also in the same year, the first search protocol that examined file contents instead of just file names was launched, called Gopher. 1991: MP3 becomes a standard
Also, the MP3 file format was accepted as a standard in 1991. MP3 files, being highly compressed, later become a popular file format to share songs and entire albums via the internet.
1991: The first webcam
One of the more interesting developments of this era, though, was the first webcam. It was deployed at a Cambridge University computer lab, and its sole purpose was to monitor a particular coffee maker so that lab users could avoid wasted trips to an empty coffee pot.
1993: Mosaic – first graphical web browser for the general public The first widely downloaded Internet browser, Mosaic, was released in 1993. While Mosaic wasn’t the first web browser, it is considered the first browser to make the Internet easily accessible to non-techies. 1993: Governments join in on the fun
In 1993, both the White House and the United Nations came online, marking the beginning of the .gov and .org domain names. 1994: Netscape Navigator
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Mosaic’s first big competitor, Netscape Navigator, was released the year following (1994).
1995: Commercialization of the internet
1995 is often considered the first year the web became commercialized. While there were commercial enterprises online prior to ‘95, there were a few key developments that happened that year. First, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) encryption was developed by Netscape, making it safer to conduct financial transactions (like credit card payments) online.
In addition, two major online businesses got their start the same year. The first sale on “Echo Bay” was made that year. Echo Bay later became eBay. Amazon.com also started in 1995, though it didn’t turn a profit for six years, until 2001.
1995: Geocities, the Vatican goes online, and JavaScript
Other major developments that year included the launch of Geocities (which officially closed down on October 26, 2009). The Vatican also went online for the first time.
Java and JavaScript (originally called LiveScript by its creator, Brendan Eich, and deployed as part of the Netscape Navigator browser – see comments for explanation) was first introduced to the public in 1995. ActiveX was launched by Microsoft the following year. 1996: First web-based (webmail) service
In 1996, HoTMaiL (the capitalized letters are an homage to HTML), the first webmail service, was launched. 1997: The term “weblog” is coined
While the first blogs had been around for a few years in one form or another, 1997 was the first year the term “weblog” was used.
1998: First new story to be broken online instead of traditional media In 1998, the first major news story to be broken online was the Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal (also referred to as “Monicagate” among
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other nicknames), which was posted on The Drudge Report after Newsweek killed the story.
1998: Google!
Google went live in 1998, revolutionizing the way in which people find information online.
1998: Internet-based file-sharing gets its roots
In 1998 as well, Napster launched, opening up the gates to mainstream file-sharing of audio files over the internet. 1999: SETI@home project
1999 is the year when one of the more interesting projects ever brought online: theSETI@home project, launched. The project has created the equivalent of a giant supercomputer by harnessing the computing power of more than 3 million computers worldwide, using their processors whenever the screensaver comes on, indicating that the computer is idle. The program analyzes radio telescope data to look for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. 2000: The bubble bursts
2000 was the year of the dotcom collapse, resulting in huge losses for legions of investors. Hundreds of companies closed, some of which had never turned a profit for their investors. The NASDAQ, which listed a large number of tech companies affected by the bubble, peaked at over 5,000, then lost 10% of its value in a single day, and finally hit bottom in October of 2002.
2001: Wikipedia is launched
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With the dotcom collapse still going strong, Wikipedia launched in 2001, one of the websites that paved the way for collective web content generation/social media.
2003: VoIP goes mainstream
In 2003: Skype is released to the public, giving a user-friendly interface to Voice over IP calling.
2003: MySpace becomes the most popular social network
Also in 2003, MySpace opens up its doors. It later grew to be the most popular social network at one time (thought it has since been overtaken by Facebook).
2003: CAN-SPAM Act puts a lid on unsolicited emails
Another major advance in 2003 was the signing of the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003, better known as the CAN-SPAM Act. 2004: Web 2.0
Though coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci, the term “Web 2.0″, referring to websites and Rich Internet Applications (RIA) that are highly
interactive and user-driven became popular around 2004. During the first Web 2.0 conference, John Batelle and Tim O’Reilly described the concept of “the Web as a Platform”: software applications built to take advantage of internet connectivity, moving away from the desktop (which has downsides such as operating system dependency and lack of interoperability).
2004: Social Media and Digg
The term “social media”, believed to be first used by Chris Sharpley, was coined in the same year that “Web 2.0″ became a mainstream concept. Social media–sites and web applications that allow its users to create and share content and to connect with one another–started around this period.
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Digg, a social news site, launched on November of 2004, paving the way for sites such as Reddit, Mixx, and Yahoo! Buzz. Digg revolutionized traditional means of generating and finding web content, democratically promoting news and web links that are reviewed and voted on by a community. 2004: “The” Facebook open to college students
Facebook launched in 2004, though at the time it was only open to college students and was called “The Facebook”; later on, “The” was dropped from the name, though the URL http://www.thefacebook.com still works. 2005: YouTube – streaming video for the masses
YouTube launched in 2005, bringing free online video hosting and sharing to the masses.
2006: Twitter gets twittering
Twitter launched in 2006. It was originally going to be called twittr (inspired by Flickr); the first Twitter message was “just setting up my twttr”.
2007: Major move to place TV shows online
Hulu was first launched in 2007, a joint venture between ABC, NBC, and Fox to make popular TV shows available to watch online. 2007: The iPhone and the Mobile Web
The biggest innovation of 2007 was almost certainly the iPhone, which was almost wholly responsible for renewed interest in mobile web applications and design.
2008: “Internet Election”
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The first “Internet election” took place in 2008 with the U.S. Presidential election. It was the first year that national candidates took full advantage of all the Internet had to offer. Hillary Clinton jumped on board early with YouTube campaign videos. Virtually every candidate had a Facebook page or a Twitter feed, or both.
Ron Paul set a new fundraising record by raising $4.3 million in a single daythrough online donations, and then beat his own record only weeks later by raising $4.4 million in a single day.
The 2008 elections placed the Internet squarely at the forefront of politics and campaigning, a trend that is unlikely to change any time in the near future.
2009: ICANN policy changes
2009 brought about one of the biggest changes to come to the Internet in a long time when the U.S. relaxed its control over ICANN, the official naming body of the Internet (they’re the organization in charge of registering domain names).
THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
The Beginning - ARPAnet
The Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an \"Internet.\"
By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network. ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to \"talk\" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.
By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the
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year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.
In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.
With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines
in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were 290,000.
Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992. Today - The Internet
Today, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.
HOW IT WORKS:
It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.
The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just \"crash.\" It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.
The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.
The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?
Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.
But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between one computer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.
The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.
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A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.
To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might view a webpage.
1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.
2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.
3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a \"backbone,\" on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.
Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.
4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leading to the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).
5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.
6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.
The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.
With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.
Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at
www.netscape.com and MSIE can be found at www.microsoft.com/ie.
The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser. Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To \"navigate\" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically,
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everything about a webpage is made to be self- explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable.
\"Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'\" is a common remark made by new web-users.
Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.
A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.
A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.
E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.
To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail.
Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.
After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.
An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus just by reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.
A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.
Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.
A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.
Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,\"chatting,\" and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.
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Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in \"telnet\" (without the \"'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.
Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).
There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?
Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for \"dog\" or \"dogs\" or \"dog information.\" Here are a few search-engines.
1. Altavista (http://www.altavista.digital.com) - Web spider & Indexed 2. Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com) - Web spider & Indexed Collection 3. Excite (http://www.excite.com) - Web spider & Indexed 4. Lycos (http://www.lycos.com) - Web spider & Indexed 5. Metasearch (http://www.metasearch.com) - Multiple search
A web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.
An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.
Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.
Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.
With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.
The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.
The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone. The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being
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transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a \"hacker\" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?
Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.
Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the \"other end.\" Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.
A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of 14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.
1969:阿帕网（Arpanet ）
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阿帕网是第一个使用包交换技术（当时来说，这是一项新技术）的真实网络。1969年10月29日，斯坦福大学和加州大学洛杉矶分校的计算机首次连接了起来。实际上，他们是未来互联网的第一台主机。
在网络上发送的第一条消息应该是“Login”，但据报道，在发送字母“g“的时候，连接断了。 1969: Unix
60年代的另一个重要的里程碑是开始使用Unix：一个在设计上对Linux和
FreeBSD（当今，在网络服务器和网络主机提供商中最有名的操作系统）产生重大影响的操作系统。
1970:阿帕网络（Arpanet network）
1970年，在哈佛大学、麻省理工学院和BBN（该公司发明了可用于连接上网络的“接口信息处理器”）公司之间建立的网络。 1971: 电子邮件
电子邮件于1971年首次被 Ray Tomlinson开发出来，他也是那个决定使用“@”符号将用户名和电脑名字（后来变成了域名）分开的人。 1971: 古登堡计划和电子图书
1971年，最引人注目的开发是古登堡计划的开始。对于那些不熟悉这个网站的人来说，古登堡计划是一个全球性的努力，它的目的是将那些公共领域的书籍做成各种格式的电子书并供免费使用。
事情起因于当Michael Hart 获得了大量的计算时间的时候，他同时意识到未来的计算机不仅仅是计算本身，但是还包括存储、检索和查找信息，就像那个时候只有图书馆有的功能。他手动动键入（无光学字符识别仪器）了“独立宣言”，并推出了古登堡计划，以便使得书籍中的信息也可以以电子的形式广泛传播。事实上，这就是电子书的诞生之日。 1972: CYCLADES（法国的网络）
法国于1972年开始建立自己的类似于阿帕网的项目，叫做CYCLADES。虽然CYCLADES最终关闭了，但是它的一个想法很关键：主机只负责数据的传输而不是网络本身。
1973: 第一个跨大西洋的连接和电子邮件的普及
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1973年，阿帕网第一次跨过了大西洋，和英国伦敦的一所大学连了起来。同一年，电子邮件占所有网络活动的75％。 1974: TCP/IP协议的诞生
1974年是有突破性的一年。通过了一项将类阿帕网连接到一个所谓的“网际网路”的提议，这将没有中央控制，并会在传输控制协议（最终变成了TCP / IP协议）的规定下工作。 1975: 电子邮件客户端
随着电子邮件的流行，1975年，南加州大学的程序员John Vittal开发了第一个现代电子邮件程序。这个程序（叫MSG）在技术上的最大进步是增加了“回复”和“转发”功能。
1977: 电脑上的调制解调器
1977年是我们今天所知道的互联网发展的重要一年。这一年， Dennis Hayes 和 Dale Heatherington开发了调制解调器，并介绍和出售给了计算机爱好者。 1978: 电子公告栏系统 (BBS)
在1978年的一次暴风雪期间，第一个公告栏系统（BBS）诞生了。 1978:垃圾邮件的诞生
1978年，不请自来的商业电子邮件（后来称为垃圾）第一次诞生，Gary Thuerk给加利福尼亚的600个用户发了垃圾邮件。 1979: MUD – 最早的多角色游戏
魔兽世界和第二人生是从1979年开始开发的，当时被称作MUD（多用户地牢的简称）。MUD是完全基于文本的虚拟世界，将角色扮演游戏、互动、剧情和网上聊天结合在了一起。 1979: 新闻组（Usenet）
新闻组（Usenet）也于1979年由两名研究生创建。新闻组是一个基于互联网的讨论系统，来自世界各地的人们可以在相关的新闻组中发布、公开信息，并就某一主题进行讨论。 1980: 查询软件
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欧洲核研究组织（也就是更广为人知的CERN）开发了ENQUIRE（由 Tim
Berners-Lee编写），这是一个用超文本写的程序，世界各地物理实验室的科学家可以利用超文本（超连接）跟踪人、软件和项目。 1982: 第一个表情
虽然很多人认为表情是Kevin MacKenzie于1979年发明的。但是它是在1982年 Scott Fahlman在一个笑话之后用了一个:-)，而不是MacKenzie用的-)。现代的表情从此诞生了。
1983: 阿帕网上的计算机通过TCP/IP交换数据
1983年1月1日阿帕网开始通过Vinton Cerf开发的TCP／IP协议交换数据。数以百计的电脑都连到了交换机上，服务器这一名字也是83年开始叫的。 1984: 域名系统 (DNS)
域名系统于1984和第一个域名服务器（DNS）一起创建。域名系统是很重要的，因为与以前的数字相比，它使得互联网上的地址更加人性化。 DNS服务器使互联网用户可以输入一个容易记住的域名，然后它会自动将它转换成IP地址。 1985: 虚拟社区（Virtual communities）
1985年，WELL（简称全球电子链接）出现了，那个时候最古老的一个虚拟社区现在还在运行中。它由Stewart Brand和Larry Brilliant于85年2月开发。它开始是为了让全球的读者和作者进行交流，并且是一个开放的的但是却是“有文化底蕴的、高智商的”人的聚会点。连线杂志曾一度将WELL评为“最有影响的国际在线社区。”
1986: 协议战争（Protocol wars）
所谓的协议战争开始于1986年。当时欧洲推行开放互联系统（OSI），而美国正在利用因特网/阿帕网协议（最终取得了胜利）。 1987: 互联网在发展
到了1987年，互联网上有近三万名主机。以前的阿帕网协议只能限于有1000台主机，但是采用了TCP / IP标准后，使得有更多的主机变成了现实。 1988: IRC – 互联网中继聊天
此外，在1988年，互联网中继聊天（IRC）首次被部署，从而为今天使用的实时聊天和即时消息程序开了先河。
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1988: 第一次重大的、恶意的基于互联网的攻击
第一个主要的互联网蠕虫是1988年发行的。它被称为“莫里斯蠕虫”，作者是Robert Tappan Morris，导致了大部分地区的互联网的中断。 1989:美国在线（AOL）诞生了
当苹果在1989年推出AppleLink程序后，该项目被重新命名，美国在线（AOL）就诞生了。美国在线，今天仍然存在，后来使得互联网在普通用户之间受到了欢迎。
1989: 万维网（WWW）的推出
1989年，Tim Berners-Lee写的万维网协议也诞生了。它最初发表在MacWorld的3月刊上，并在1990年5月重新发表。它是为了告诉欧洲粒子物理研究所（CERN），一个全球性的超文本系统是CERN的最佳选择。它最初被称为“Mesh”，当Berners-Lee在1990年编写代码的时候，“万维网”这个词诞生了。 1990: 第一个商业性的拨号上网ISP
第一个商业性质的互联网拨号服务供应商也于1990年诞生——The World。同年，阿帕网停止使用了。 1990: 万维网协议完成了
万维网协议的代码由 Tim Berners-Lee编写，基于他一年前提出的建议和HTML、HTTP、URL标准。 1991: 第一个网页诞生了
1991年在互联网世界有很多重大创新。第一个网页被创建，并且很像第一份电子邮件解释什么是电子邮件，他的目的是解释什么是万维网。 1991: 第一个基于内容的搜索协议
同一年，第一个查找文件内容而不仅仅是查找文件名称的搜索协议诞生了，叫做Gopher。
1991: MP3成为标准
也是在同一年，MP3文件格式正式被接纳为标准。 被高度压缩后的MP3文件，后来成为通过互联网分享歌曲和整个专辑的流行格式。 1991: 第一个摄像头
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这个时代的有趣的发明之一就是第一个摄像头。它部署在剑桥大学的计算机实验室，其唯一目的是监视一个咖啡壶，使实验室用户可避免将时间浪费在一个空的咖啡壶上。
1993: Mosaic –第一个供大众使用的图形化浏览器
第一个被广泛下载的互联网浏览器是1993年开发的Mosaic。虽然Mosaic不是第一个Web浏览器，但它被认为是第一个可以使非技术人员上网的浏览器。 1993: 政府加入的乐趣
1993年，白宫和联合国网站均上线了，标志着.gov和.org域名的开始使用。 1994: 网景浏览器（Netscape Navigator）
Mosaic的第一个大的竞争对手——Netscape Navigator——在一年之后（1994）发布了。
1995: 互联网的商业化
1995年通常被认为是网络商业化的第一年。虽然在95年之前，有一些已经上线的商业企业，但是在那一年有一些关键的事态进展。首先，SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)由网景公司开发出来了，使在线进行金融交易（如信用卡付款）更加安全。 此外，两个主要的网上企业在同一年开始运营。在”Echo Bay”上的第一次交易在这一年进行，Echo Bay 后来变成了 eBay。 Amazon.com在1995年也开始运营了，虽然它在6年内没有盈利，直到2001年才开始盈利。 1995: Geocities和 Vatican 的上线，还有JavaScript
这一年的其他重大进展还有新推出的Geocities（于2009年10月26日终止）。 Vatican也第一次上线。
Java和JavaScript（刚开始被其创始人 Brendan Eich称为LiveScript，并将其作为Netscape Navigator浏览器的一部分进行了部署）在1995年首次被介绍给了大众。第二年，微软发 布了ActiveX。 1996: 第一个基于网络的服务(webmail)
1996年， HoTMaiL的（大写字母合在一起是HTML）——第一个邮件服务启动了。
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1997: 术语“博客”出现了
虽然第一个博客有这样或那样的形式，但是“博客”这个词在1997年被第一次使用。
1998:第一个不是靠传统媒体报道的新闻
1998年，第一个打破传统方式的重大新闻报道是克林顿/莱温斯基的性丑闻（也有像“Monicagate”之类的绰号），在新闻周刊宣布这一事件结束之后，The Drudge Report 网站发布了这条新闻。 1998: Google!
Google在1998年上线，给人们在网上搜索信息的方式带来了革命性的变革。 1998: Internet-based file-sharing gets its roots
1998: 基于互联网的文件共享开始生根发芽
同样是在1998年，Napster公司在互联网上为音频文件的共享打开了大门。 1999: SETI@home项目
1999年是另外一个更加有趣的项目上线的时候：SETI@home项目。该项目是一个通过互联网利用世界范围内的300多万台计算机进行计算的分布式计算项目，一旦计算机处于屏幕保护状态，那么意外着计算机就处于空闲状态了，这样就可以利用这些些计算机的处理能力了。该项目目的是通过分析天文数据来探索外星球智能的迹象。 2000: 网络泡沫破裂
2000年是网络泡沫破裂的一年，给大批投资者造成了巨大损失。数百家公司被迫关闭，有一些还没有为他们的投资者盈利。纳斯达克，列出了受泡沫影响的许多高科技公司，最高时达到了5,000点，然后在一天之内失去了10％的价值，并最终在2002年10月降到了谷底。
2001: 维基百科发布
在网络泡沫依然强劲的时候，维基百科于2001年启动，为聚合式的网站内容／社会化媒体铺平了道路。
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2003: 网络电话（VoIP）成为主流
2003年：Skype面向大众发布，给用户提供了一个界面友好的IP语音电话。 2003: MySpace 变成了最流行的社交网络
同样是在2003年，MySpace发布。它后来发展成为一个时期内（现在已经被Facebook取代）最流行的社交网络。 2003: CAN-SPAM Act 将垃圾邮件拒之门外
2003年的另一个重大进展是在控制未经请求的色情和营销信息方面的成果，即众所周知的CAN-SPAM Act。 2004: Web 2.0
虽然在1999年Darcy DiNucc就创造了“Web2.0“这个词，它指的是高度互动并由用户驱动的网站和富互联网应用（RIA），直到2004年才得到广泛使用。在第一次Web 2.0会议上， John Batelle和 Tim O’Reilly提出了“网络平台”这个概念：应用软件构建在互联网上，逐渐远离桌面（桌面软件有依赖操作系统、缺乏互操作性的缺点）。 2004:社会华媒体和Digg
术语“社会化媒体”被认为首先由Chris Sharpley提出，并在同一年，“Web2.0“成为了主流概念。社会化媒体网站和网络应用允许用户创建和分享内容，并且在这个平台上可以相互交流。
Digg，一个全新的社会新闻网站，于2004年11月推出，为诸如 Reddit, Mixx,和 Yahoo! Buzz之类的网站开了先河。Dig对传统的发现和产生网络内容的方式产生了革命性的影响，新闻和网站连接全都是由社区投票民主决定。 2004: Facebook向大学学生开放
Facebook于2004年推出，当时只是对大学生开放并叫做“The Facebook”，后来，“The“被从名字中去掉了，虽然 http://www.thefacebook.com仍然存在。 2005: YouTube ——大众可以分享的流视频
YouTube于2005年推出，提供免费网络在线视频存储，并给大众分享。 2006: Twitter开始推了
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Twitter于2006年推出，它最初的名字是twittr（受Flickr的启发）；Twitter的第一条信息是：“just setting up my twttr”。 2007: 网络电视
Hulu在2007年首次推出，与美国广播公司、全国广播公司和Fox合资，目的是使流行的电视节目可以在网上观看。 2007: iPhone和移动网络
2007年最大的创新肯定非iPhone莫属，在移动网络的应用和设计上，它几乎负责了全部。
2008: “网络选举”
“网络选举”第一次发生在2008年的美国总统选举期间。这是第一次总统候选人利用了互联网上所有可以利用的资源。希拉里.克林顿的视频在YouTube早早的就出现了。几乎每一个候选人都有Facebook页面或Twitter帐户，或者两者都有。
Ron Paul 通过网络筹款，单日筹到了430万美元，创下了历史记录，并且几个星期之后，以一天筹到440完美元的记录打破了自己创下的记录。
2008年的选举将政治和竞争移到了网上，这一趋势在将来没有任何改变的迹象。 2009:ICANN的政策变化
2009年互联网最大的变化之一是美国放松了长期以来的对ICANN的控制，ICANN是互联网的官方命名机构（它是域名注册的主管部门）。
Internet的历史
起源——ARPAnet
Internet是被美国政府作为一项工程进行开发的。这项工程的目的，是为了建立远距离之间点与点的通信，以便处理国家军事范围内的紧急事件，例如核战争。这项工程被命名为ARPAnet，它就是Internet的前身。建立此工程的主要应用对象就是军事通讯，那些负责ARPAnet的工程师们当时也没有想到它将成为
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“Internet”。
根据定义，一个“Internet”应该由四或者更多的计算机连接起来的网络。 ARPAnet是通过一种叫TCP/IP的协议实现连网工作的。此协议最基础的工作原理是：如果信息在网络中的一条路径发送失败，那么它将找到其他路径进行发送，就好象建立一种语言以便一台计算机与其他计算机“交谈”一样，但不注意它是PC，或是Macintosh。
到了20世纪80年代，ARPAnet已经开始变成目前更为有名的Internet了，它拥有200台在线主机。国防部很满意ARPAnets的成果，于是决定全力将它培养为能够联系很多军事主机，资源共享的服务网络。到了1984年，它就已经超过1000台主机在线了。
在1986年ARPAnet关闭了，但仅仅是建立它的机构关闭了，而网络继续存在与超过1000台的主机之间。由于使用NSF连接失败，ARPAnet才被关闭。NSF是将5个国家范围内的超级计算机连入ARPAnet。
随着NSF的建立，新的高速的传输介质被成功的使用，在1988年，用户能通过56k的电话线上网。在那个时候有28，174台主机连入Internet。到了1989年有80，000台主机连入Internet。到1989年末，就有290，000台主机连入了。
另外还有其他网络被建立，并支持用户以惊人的数量接入。于1992年正式建立。
现状——Internet
如今，Internet已经成为人类历史上最先进技术的一种。每个人都想“上网”去体验一下Internet中的信息财富。成千上百的人都用Internet。预计，到了2003年世界上的每个人，都将拥有Internet接入。Internet已经真正成为我们这个年代生活的一部分。由于计算机技术和网络技术每天都在改变，我们很难想象Internet下一步将发展成什么样子。
工作原理：
现在，人们用Internet是一件很平常的事。他们通过Internet进行购物、玩游戏、聊天等娱乐活动。
Internet不仅仅是一件事物。Internet也会崩溃。它的工作原理如同电话通信
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系统，只不过没有专门的Internet公司来经营Internet。
Internet是成千上万台计算机互相连接的集合。Internet就像是办公网络一样，不同的是，它有成千上万台计算机相连接。
其中最主要的是Internet是如何进行通信的。位于Houston的一台计算机是如何通过浏览网页而能与位于Tokyo的计算机进行数据通信的呢？
Internet信息，拥有信息的计算机连接到Internet，是基于语言。这种语言叫做TCP/IP。TCP/IP建立了一种语言，能使计算机在Internet系统中传送数据。
但是TCP/IP的取得也必须具备两台电脑之间的物理连接。当然也未必都是这样。但也必须存在一根网络线将主机与Internet连接起来，但做到这样，还是不可能与Internet连接的。
物理连接要求通过MODEM，电话线和其他类似MODEM的连接（如DSL）来建立。计算机上的MODEM通过已建立的通信线进行收发数据，通信线可以是电话线或是数据线。事实上计算机之间建立连接的硬核被成为路由器。
路由器就是计算机中进行信息交互的管理器。
为了更好的对它说明，让我们来看看一台标准的计算机是怎样浏览网页的？ 1、用户计算机拨号进入ISP。而此ISP可能还要连接入其他ISP，或是直接进入Internet主干。
2、用户打开网页浏览器如NETSCAPE或是IE。
3、接下来是进入Internet的棘手部分。首先，用户计算机相路由器发出请求。路由器是一种高速高效的计算机运行的专门软件。世界上所有路由的连接便形成了Internet的主干，在这里传送Internet上的所有数据。目前主干网上的处理速度为每秒几千兆字节。这样的速度分配到一只MODEM上，就好比太阳光的热量分配到一块冰上的热量一样。
4、路由器发送或接受数据。它将一小段数据分别打包，形成数据报，就像包裹一样。因此，当请求网页浏览是，就用TCP/IP协议告诉路由器如何处理这些数据，将这些数据发送去哪里，用户主要想去哪里。
5、路由器将这些数据报发送给其他的路由器，最终转到目标主机上。就像传耳语的游戏一样（当然，只有完整的信息才能被传送）。
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6、当信息到达目标网页的服务器是，服务器就开始将网页信息发送回去。一台网页服务器，就是网页存储所在的计算机，它能对网页进行编辑，并将它发送给用户。网页被分成数据报，通过路由器，最终到达用户计算机，这样，用户就能浏览网页了。数据报中含有相关的数据以及一些必须的信息让路由器或其他计算机知道如何将数据报按正确的顺序重新组装成原始的数据段。
有了成千上万的网页和成千上万的用户，对于初学者来说使用Internet将不再那么容易，尤其是那些不太精通电脑的人。接下来，你将能找到一些上网的小技巧和使用Internet主要服务的帮助。
在你打开网页之前，你必须有一个网页浏览器用于浏览网页。大部分网络服务商都会给用户提供一个网络浏览器。当你在浏览网页时，其实就是在使用浏览器。目前使用最广泛的网页浏览器是Netscape和MSIE。Netscape能自动连接到
www.netscape.com，MSIE能自动连接www.microsoft.com。
接下来你就必须熟悉如何使用网页。网页是超链接、图片、文本、表格、按钮以及多媒体的集合。只需点击网页提供的连接或是按照网页的步骤（比如，如果你需要用网页中的一张表，旁边就会有使用这张表的帮助）做，你就可以进行网上冲浪了。基本上，网页中的每个元素都可以自我移植。
“哦，不！又是404出错！‘不能找到相关网页’”这是上网初学者中很普通的言论。
有时网站也会出错。当然网站的错误跟用户的操作没有关系。
404出错意思是你想找的那个网页不存在。这有可能是因为网站仍在建设中，页面还没有被创建，或者是因为网站的制作者正在对页面进行修改。当出现404出错时，除了对网站管理发电子邮件，告诉他/她关于出错的问题，就别无他法了。
Javascript出错是由于网站中的Javascript的程序代码出错造成的。并非所有的网页都使用Javascript，但有很多是用Javascript的。Javascript不同于JAVA，目前大部分浏览器都支持Javascript。如果你现在用的是旧版的网页浏览器，那么就有可能出现Javascript出错，那是因为你的浏览器的版本低于站点使用的Javascript版本。所以，你应该为你的浏览器升级到新的版本。
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电子邮件即电子方式的邮件。电子邮件能使人们互相收发信件，甚至是文件和图片。
要使用电子邮件，那你就必须拥有一个电子邮件客户端，它就像是邮递员，为你收发电子邮件。
其次，你必须有一个电子邮件帐户。大部分网络服务供应商都会提供给用户一个免费的电子邮件帐户。有的网站也提供免费的电子邮箱，如Hotmail和Geocities。
配置好电子邮件客户端，包括POP3和SMTP服务器地址（电子邮件供应商会给你相关信息）之后，你就可以准备收邮件了。
附件是与信一起发过来的文件，如果有人发给你带有附件的邮件，但你不知道他是谁，就不要打开那个附件。它有可能是病毒或是其他恶意的程序。用户不会通过阅读邮件而被传染病毒，你不得不运行杀毒软件来防止病毒感染。
签名是很多电子邮件程序的一个特征。签名加在邮件的末尾。你可以将生动的文本，你职业信息或是其他你喜欢的东西作为签名。
设想在国际互联网中的电脑就像海中的岛屿。那么海洋中就充满了数百万的岛屿。这就是国际互联网。设想岛与岛之间是通过发送和接收船只来联络的。那么岛屿就有接收和发送船只的港口。
在国际互联网中的电脑有被叫做“港口”的端口。端口只是一个象征性的对象，它使得电脑能在网络（或是国际互联网）上运转。这种方法与上面提到的“岛屿、海洋”形象论类似。
远程登陆涉及到在服务器上直接用文本连接来使用端口。
几乎每种互联网活动，如访问网页、聊天、以及发电子邮件都是依托远程登陆来实现的。
远程登陆需要一个远程登陆客户服务器。远程登陆程序兼容于Windows系统，所以Windows用户可以通过在对话窗口键入telnet（不加's）来接入远程登陆软件。Linux系统则将它创建在命令行里：键入telnet。用于Macintosh的普通远程登陆程序是NCSA远程登陆软件。
任何一个服务软件（网页端口监督程序，聊天端口监督程序）都可以通过远
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程登陆被接入，即使这些软件不经常以这种方法被接入。
举例来说，直接与邮件服务器连接并通过与邮件服务软件交流来校对你的邮件是可能的，但用电子邮件客户服务器却更简单（当然如此）。
世界各地有数百万的网页，那么你如何知道哪个网页的地址是你需要的呢？ 搜索工具能节约时间。搜索工具是一个非常庞大的网站，它使你能够搜寻它自有的网站数据库。
举例来说，如果你要找关于“狗”的网站，你可以搜索“狗”或“狗的信息”。这里有一些搜索引擎：
1. Altavista (http://www.altavista.digital.com) - Web spider & Indexed 2. Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com) - Web spider & Indexed Collection 3. Excite (http://www.excite.com) - Web spider & Indexed 4. Lycos (http://www.lycos.com) - Web spider & Indexed 5. Metasearch (http://www.metasearch.com) - Multiple search
网络蜘蛛是一种搜索引擎使用的程序，它随着可能找到的任何链接从一个网页到另一个网页。
这意味着只要它自己的时间和速度允许，搜索引擎就能尽可能多地在网络上逐字搜寻信息。编入索引的收集使用手动附加链接。比如雅虎网站。你可以点击“电脑和网络”，再点击“硬件”，然后点击“猫”（调制解调器）等等。那么通过分类的过程，与你要的类别相关的网站就找到了。
Metasearch 同时搜索许多搜索引擎，从十个引擎中找出最上面的搜索结果，使得搜索变得有效很多。一旦你能够使用搜索引擎，你就能有效的找到你要的网页。伴随着网络系统和多用户系统时代的来临，安全总是系统开发和系统操作人员考虑的问题。
从美国电报电话公司和它的电话网组建开始，黑客已为许多人所知。黑客就是一直寻找途径侵入系统的人。这过去不是一个大问题，因为网络系统对于那些能够提供必要的电脑安全措施的大型法人公司和政府的电脑来说是有限的。
现今最大的问题是个人信息。为什么当你通过网络购物时应该小心？让我们快速地看一看国际互联网时如何工作的。用户将信用卡的信息传递到网页上。看
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起来安全，对吗？其实未必。当用户提交信息时，它就会流过组成互联网主干网的一系列的电脑。信息是小块的一包包的，被称作信息包。
这里有个问题：当信息通过这巨大的支柱被传递时，怎样防止黑客在支柱的某一点上拦截数据流？你接入网站时哥哥不会看着你，但用户在传递私人信息时应该清楚潜在的威胁。
加强安全有很多方法，如密码保护，一种最重要的措施：加密。加密指将数据搅乱成只能在另一终端才能译出的密码。像Netscape Communicator和Internet Explore这样的浏览器为在线传递提供了特色的加密支持。
一些加密措施比其他工作地更好。最先进的加密系统被称作DES（数据加密准则），且它被美国安全局采纳，因为它被认为是如此难以非法侵入以至他们认为如果它落入其它国家手中会有安全风险。
DES用单独的信息钥匙来开启一整个文件。问题是有75万亿可能的钥匙可用，所以它是一个很难破坏的系统。一个文件被侵入并被解码，但这是一个需14000台电脑进入互联网系统的综合的努力过程，并需要花一段时间来做。所以大部分黑客没有那么多的资源。
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