Keys:
第一章 科技英语阅读
第一节科技英语主要特点
I. The first three sentences in Passage One are all constructed with passive voice while the first three sentences in Passage Two are constructed with active voice. Therefore, the language in Passage One sounds more formal and objective than that of Passage Two.
1. The words spoken by Sheila in Passage Two are informal. Examples: \"There's Ravi at the home of that American doctor.\" (Contracted form); \"A wonderful guy.\" (Incomplete sentence); \"Ravi looks sweet, doesn 't he?\" (Question tag).
2. In the second paragraph of Passage One, \"it\" refers to \"to use insecticide regularly, on a very large scale.\"
3. In the second paragraph of Passage Two, \"through\" means \"finish\" or \"complete.\"
4. Passage One is written for academic purpose and Passage Two mainly for entertainment.
II.
Passage One
A blast of hot air is sent into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is blown into the furnace through pipes. These pipes are installed around the circumference of the blast furnace eight feet above the bottom. While the coke is burning and iron is melting, gas is formed at the top of the chamber. This is led off from the top of the furnace to be used. It contains carbon monoxide, which is combustible. Part of this gas is used for making the air blast hot. It is led off into stoves.
Passage Two
All elements are composed of discrete units called atoms, which are the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element. Atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and electrically neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons, which have approximately the same mass, are clustered in the nucleus in the center of the atom. Electrons, which are tiny in comparison to the other units, orbit the nucleus at high speed. Atoms that have an equal number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. Those that have gained or lost electrons, and therefore are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.
第二节 科技、半科技英语专业术语
I.
1. D (自动驾驶仪) 2. F (生物钟) 3. I (热核的) 4. G (地热的)
5. B (微波) 6. J (放射疗法) 7. E (光周期) 8. A (超导体)
9. H (远距离操纵器) 10. C (超显微/滤过性病毒)
II.
1. 一位从事航空医学研究的医生 2. 防止计算机犯罪的措施
3. 一种新型除霜器 4. 一个用光电池驱动的玩具
5. 一辆装有自动报警器的汽车 6. 隔音材料
7. 一种广泛使用的杀虫剂（农药） 8. 用放射性碳做的试验
9. 电信业的发展 10. 一台通用机床
III.
1. in-(Inorganic) 2. radio- (radioactive)
3. hydro- (Hydrotherapy) 4. -free (caffeine-free)
5. infra- (infrared) / ultra- (ultrared) 6. mono- (monorail)
7. aero- (Aerodynamics) 8. -fold (33-fold)
9. geo- (geocentric) 10. -proof (weatherproof)
11. bio- (biotechnology) 12. anti- (antibiotic)
IV. 发电站 2. 矿物燃料 3. 太阳黑子 4. 航天探测器 5. 滚珠轴承
6. 涡轮 7. 航天飞机 8. 树木的年轮 9. 离心调速器 10. 心肌功能
V.
1. flow 2. laws 3. law 4. conserved
5. transferred 6. transformed 7. bond 8. thermodynamics
9. work 10. law 11. degraded 12. work
13. law 14. state 15. disorder 16. energy
17. law 18. biological 19. metabolically 20. cell
VI.
1. 很明显，许多家用电器的加热和照明作用都依靠电阻。
2. 气体如果不封闭在刚性的容器内就会膨胀，受热的气球便可说明这一现象。
3. 在化学变化中，粒子结构发生变化，生成新的物质。
4. 19世纪，电力设备以及由此兴起的工业得到迅速发展，而当时人们对电的性质还不完全了解。
5. 应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。
6. 可以有把握地说，除了琥珀之外，许多其他物质通过摩擦也能带电。
第三节 科技英语中的复合词与专有名词
1. H (耐热的，抗热的，不传热的) 2. E (带宽)
3. J (流线型的) 4. B (基岩)
5. G (耗电量大的) 6. A (太空行走)
7. I (用水制冷的) 8. D (液态的)
9. F (用防火材料保护的，阻燃的) 10. C (网络)
II.
1. stress shock, stress-related diseases
2. solid-state semiconductor devices
3. energy-efficient appliances
4. topsoil
5. steam engine
6. soil organisms
7. windborne dust
8. the chain reaction
9. Fuelwood shortages
10. heat- and scratch-resistant surfaces
III.
1. nylon 2. volt 3. pasteurization 4. Morse code
5. Bunsen burner 6. mackintosh 7. Doppler effect 8. Xerox
9. newton 10. ampere
第四节 科技英语中的复数形式与缩略语
I.
1. bacteria 2. spectra / spectrums 3. radius 4. Fungi 5. nucleus
6. formula 7. phenomenon stratum
8. Algae/Algas 9. larvae /larvas 10.
II.
1. F (computer disc read-only memory)
2. J (ear, nose, and throat)
3. A (ribonucleic acid)
4. H (unidentified flying object)
5. C (microwave landing system)
6. B (video-display terminal)
7. I (personal computer)
8. E (ultraviolet)
9. G (computer-aided manufacturing)
10. D (artificial intelligence)
III.
1. 上述定理和定律不但对直流电路而言是正确的，对交流电路而言也同样是正确的。
2. 美国通常的家用电压是110-220伏，因为人们发现更高的电压会造成致命的事故。
3. 4500型平版印刷机（人们给该机器取的名字）能过生产1英寸厚的18英寸彩色液晶显示屏。
4. 该发生器每小时产生蒸汽20万磅。
5. 电离层的结构是变化的，这就意味着，高频无线电通信的频率极限也是变化的。
第五节 科技英语的主要句型
I.
1. The first program would require a minimum of 108 weeks, while the second 72 weeks.
2. Heated to 100°C, water will start boiling.
3. The nutrient solution will support growth even if highly dilute.
4. Two or three hundred of these wires, each about 0.19 inches in diameter, are clamped together to form a single strand.
5. The three groups of tranquilizers are marketed in the United States, but not commonly used in Britain.
II.
1. Common salt is soluble in water.
2. Benzene has a boiling point of 80.4°C under normal pressure.
3. This plastics material has greater rigidity.
4. The beam has an I-shaped cross-section.
5. This specimen has a length of 3-26 cm.
6. The storage vessel has a capacity of 10,000 liters.
7. A brief description is given of the use and development trends of telecommunication.
8. Some scientists have suggested an immediate ban on the use of fluorocarbons.
III.
1. In planning a road, extensive preliminary surveys must be carried out to determine the precise line of the road.
2. In such cases, precautions have to be taken to avoid damage to the mechanism.
3. First, the tents must be spaced at 25-foot intervals to prevent flame spread.
4. The solution is weakened by the addition of more water.
5. Electricity can be transmitted by means of wires.
6. The microscope enables small objects to be observed.
7. These methods of joining metal are normally adopted for strong permanent joints.
8. The existence of the biological clock was first recognized in the early 18th century.
9. The way this danger has been assessed and the action taken reflects a
growing awareness of the problem.
10. After the soil has been excavated to the appropriate depth and filled, it is compacted by a roller until it is firm.
第六节科技英语篇章阅读方法
III Text Organization
part I : a multibillion-dollar craft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)
part II: David Gump and Gary Hudson; an entrepreneur with fresh ideas
part III: innovative technology
part IV: viability of a new method for air-launching spacecraft
part V: win money from NASA and private investors
IV Multiple Choice
1-5 CBADC 6-10 CDCAA
第二章 科技英语翻译
I 词的翻译
1 根据词的搭配选择词义
Solid：h), b), g), d), i), f), j), a), c), k), m), l), e)
2 根据专业确定词义
System：
(1) human ocular system 视觉系统 (医学) (3) pilling system 打桩工程(土木工程) (5) transmission system 发送站 (无线电) (邮电)
(7) stress system 应力状态 (力学) 话 (通讯)
(9) system of government 政体(政治) 业)
(11) optical system 光具组 (光学) (设计)
3 根据词类或语境确定词义
多级火箭（航天）
电路图(电路)
(6) trunk system 长途电话网
system 电视电
strip system 带伐作业( 林
parallel system 平行式布置
(2) rocket system (4) wiring system (8) phone-vision (10) (12)
(1) round
锭子同时绕两个垂直的轴旋转。
粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。
(2) condition
数学操作或逻辑操作必须符合某种条件。
交互编程环境现在能用于一些商用编程语言。
(3) find
人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。
科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。
(4) work
推拉物体不见得就会做功。
这些手表的零件都是国内制造的，性能良好。
II 句子的翻译
1. 假说是科学家从观察中得出的一种特定的论断。
2. 大部分钱是靠出售他培育出的一种马铃薯新品种的秘诀而挣得的。
3. 如果开关接通，电流就流过线路。
4. 由于分子运动而引起的力能使分子分离。
5. 很显然，数控是指机床采用数字来操纵。
6. 电流的变化与电动势成正比，与电阻成反比。
7. 无线电波与光波相似，只不过无线电波的波长要长一些。
8. 自动化机器虽然有很多优点，但他们只能做人们吩咐它们要做的事情。
9. 这些新技术的采用为我们提供了可靠性高、性能良好、成本低廉、耗电量小等优点。
10. 即便在同一施工场地，由于地基的性质有很大差异，土地的承载力也不相同。
11. 不是每次碰撞都能发生化学反应，因为许多分子不具有反应所需要的能量。
12. 绝缘体接上电源后，电不会像通过导体那样通过绝缘体。
III 长句的翻译
1 正是由于集成电路的研制成功，才有可能把电子器件做得越来越小。
2 在发达国家的工厂和车间里，用机器人来充当助手越来越普及，它是经设计并制造出来的机器手，可以独立从事各种工业活动。
3 试图利用计算机来复制人脑活动方式的数学家们发现，即使运用最先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台重1万公斤的计算机才行。
4 结果表明，在相当长的时间内，全球平均气温都是相当稳定的，可极小的温度变化却意味着环境的巨大改变。
5 但是，最近发表在科学杂志的一对研究报告并没有验证生物燃料的这种作用。并且，事实上，相对于要被取而代之的化石燃料来说，生物燃料对气候产生的危害是有过之而无不及。
6 尽管备受关注的是研发金属，陶瓷，聚合物与复合材料材质的改善， 但有能力生产，制造可以满足特定需求的材料现在也在渐渐变成现实。
7 信息高速公路是一种电子通讯网络，这一网络把所有的人互相联系起来，并可提供任意一种人们想得到的电子通讯方式。
8 如果把管子装成这个样子，使最热的水上升，而最冷的水流下来后返回锅炉里去，那么，锅炉中的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，道理就在于此。
9 多种因素促使人们更加关注(垃圾的处理)/这种兴趣的产生有很多因素，包括对垃圾越来越多，垃圾填埋场地越来越少，焚烧垃圾造成的空气污染越来越严重的担心；及对环
境保护的必要性已形成的共识等。
10 无论是用作轿车和公汽的能源，还是发电作其他的什么用途，燃料电池都是无需
燃烧就可将氢转化成电能。
11. 每个化学元素在周期表中都有一定的原子数和位置，可以据此来推测其特性：如何同别的元素相互作用，能形成什么样的化合物，以及它的物理属性。
12. 固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面而飞到周围的空间中去；这种现象称为热电子放射；通常，电子管就利用这种现象产生自由电子。
第三章 科技英语写作
第一节
Our latest attempt at molding performance protectors has led to some positive results. We spent several hours in Dept.15 trying different machine settings and techniques. Several good parts were molded using two different sheet thicknesses. Here is a summary of the findings.
First, we tried the thick sheet material. At 240°F, this thickness worked well.
Next, we tried the thinner sheet material. The thinner material is less forgiving, but after a few adjustments we were making good parts. Still, the thin material caused the most handling problems.
第二节
1．引言部分
1.Actions of Antibiotics,（不够具体）
Performances of Moderators in Reactors，（不够具体）
A Comprehensive Survey on the Etiological Factors of Stomach Cancer in China，（删除a comprehensive survey）
Studies on the Fluctuation of Noise and Regression Analysis（删除studies on the）
A Comparison of Radio Waves with Water Waves，（不够具体）
2. Application of Statistical Methods to Diagnose Causes of Poor Air-Quality Model Performance (统计方法在诊断空气质量模型性质差的原因方面的应用)
Investigation on Heat-Electricity Cogeneration with Nuclear Heating Reactors
(核供热反应堆热电联产实验研究)
Light Radiation from Pulsed Discharges in Water
(水中高压脉冲发电的光辐射研究)
2． 摘要部分
一、
1．The current calibration methods of the projectile-velocity measurement system are introduced, and the problem and the unreasonableness of these methods are analyzed. Based on the principle of the mathematical statistics, the calibration method is investigated that measures the projectile-velocity at the same time by the multi-group zone-block device is unbiased, uniform and efficient and uses the average of the measured value as the true value of the projectile-velocity at the point. The method advantages are analyzed too. The calibration system of the projectile-velocity measurement system based on the laser screen targets is established. The experiment and the data process prove that the method is not only feasible, but also provides an effective calibration method for quantificationally giving the uncertainty of measuring the projectile-velocity quantitatively.
2. A novel water soluble fluorescent monomer, 4-(N’-methyl-1-piperazinyl) –N-methyl-1, 8-naphthalimide allyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt (FM) is synthesized from 4-bromo-1, 8-naphthalic anhydride and methylamine. Its structure is characterized by IR, H NMR and MS. The acrylic acid / hydroxypropyl acryate copolymer containing fluorescent group (FM-AA-HPA) is prepared by copolymerization of FM, acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxypropyl acryate (HPA). The effects of FM-AA-HPA on fluorescence and scale inhibition are researched. The results show that the wavelength of the excited and the emitted spectrum of
FM-AA-HPA are 399 nm and 531 nm respectively, and the shapes are symmetric as mirror images. The relationship of fluorescent intensity and concentration of FM-AA-HPA is linear. The correlation coefficient (R) is 0.997 8 and the limit of detection is 0.95 mg.L-1. By the static method, the scale inhibition ratio of Ca3 (PO4)2 is 85.4% when the copolymer concentration is 20 mg.L-1; the scale inhibition ratio of CaCO3 is 70.9% when the copolymer concentration is 15 mg.L-1; the scale inhibition ratio of CaSO4 is 86.5% when the copolymer concentration is 15 mg.L-1; the ability of stabing Zn2+ ion is good. The results from SEM show that the copolymer has high performance of scale inhibition on lattice distortion of CaCO3. [2010, 34(1):151-156]
3. According to the electromagnetic propagation rule and the calculation methods of equivalent surface impedance, a new microwave absorber based on resonant high-impedance surface is proposed and designed. The theoretic analysis in the frequency range of 2.95 to 4.15 GHz. But in this frequency range, it is a perfect absorber while the resonant surface is loaded with an ultra-thin electric loss-sheet with impedance matching to the free space. The bandwidth with the reflection coefficient of -10 dB or less is about 700 MHz, and the maximum absorption peak is at 3.55 GHz. The simulated results agree well with the analysis results. The design of the absorber is not only simple in structure, but also has characteristics of ultra-thin (1.5 mm thickness), ultra-light and wider bandwidth.
4. Since Wiener proposed the Cyvernetics, feedback has always been the most fundamental concept and methodology for control theory and engineering. This paper summarizes the development of the existing feedback control and the
emergency interconnections control. It is pointed that the mechanism of the closed-loop feedback can be regarded to be a design to realize the desired performance by changing the interconnections of the systems via feedback gains. However, in many practical systems, especially, in large-scale systems, some of the interconnections may be regulated directly. Usually, the interconnections can be divided into two parts: fixed part and regulatable part. The regualtable part can be assigned directly in an open-loop way while the closed-loop feedback control is implemented in a coordinate way. A novel control way is thus proposed: it is consists of an open-loop interconnections assigning and a classical closed-loop feedback control. The analysis shows that this technique not only describes a large class of emergency control strategy but also extends the limitation of feedback control. With this strategy, almost all existing closed-loop feedback control theories and their corresponding methodology can be extended to a new sphere.
5. In order to improve GPS signal’s acquisition, tracking performance in high dynamic environment. Through the sequential logic, loop parameters, and high dynamic changes under the Doppler frequency shift analysis, using wide bandwidth and high-order tracking loop, a loop to carrier acquisition, tracking is designed based on DSP + FPGA. By signal’s Fourier transform, FPGA is used to complete fast carrier first capture and second precise acquisition, while DSP is used to realize an automatic adjusted second-order FLL-assisted third-order Costas-PLL which makes the loop have the anti-high dynamic performance and still have a high tracking accuracy. Simulation results show that: the design can achieve GPS carrier’s fast acquisition and accurate tracking in high dynamic environment. [2010, 34(1): 75-79]
6. By the measures of the theory of complex functions, the dynamic propagation problems concerning mode III asymmetrical interface crack under the action of moving variable loads are studied. The universal expressions of analytical solutions are readily attained by the technique of self-similar functions and corresponding differential and integral operation. The problem discussed here can be easily translated into Riemann-Hibert problem by this approach, and the analytical solutions of the stress, displacement and dynamic stress intensity factor under the crack surfaces subjected to moving variable loads are respectively attained. Their closed solutions are obtained by means of Muskhelishvili’s method. The solutions of the discretionally complex problems can be gained by those solutions and superposition theorem.
7. In order to study the distribution of the electron densities in the laser-induced-plasma (LIP), the image-processing methods are utilized to pre-process the interference fringes of laser-induced-plasma. The interograms of the LIP is obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometer in experiment. The interference fringes of the LIP is pretreated by filtering and sharpening. In order to get the thinning-image of the interference fringes of the LIP, binary and thinning are used to treat the denoised interferograms of the LIP. The inverse Abel transform is operated on the shift of the thinned interference fringes, and the radial distribution of electron density of the LIP is obtained.
二、
1.
a. Aimed at the system consisting of square plansifter and flexible suspender attached to square plansifter，the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic modeling and the finite element simulation are employed to study it. The nonlinear dynamic equation of square plansifter is established based on the Lagrange equation, and the kinematic circle law is derived from stabilization condition. By using MSC.Patran/Nastran, the finite element model of square plansifter is created and the transient response analysis is applied. The theoretic model and the results of finite element simulation are verified by experimental date. The dynamic model and finite element simulation method presented in this paper possess an important reference value and guidance to intensity checkout and structure optimization of square plansifter.
b. In order to obtain the accurate and efficient simulation algorithm for describing the rotation of the fuze ball rotor, two kinds of the fuze ball rotor are numerically simulated with the mathematical model of quaternion as examples. Runge-Kutta method and Gear method are adopted.The results show that comparing with the nonlinear mathematical model of Euler angles ,the model of quaternion of fuze ball rotor is able to avoid the singularity when the nutation angle approaches 0°or 180°.The arithmetical solution can be obtained by Runge-Kutta method instead of using the Gear method which is complicated and more time-consumed for calculation.
2.
a. 4-Bromo-1,8-Naphthalic anhydride and methylamine. Its structure was
characterized by IR, 1H NMR and MS. The acrylic acid / hydroxypropyl acryate copolymer containing fluorescent group (FM-AA-HPA) was prepared by copolymerization of FM, acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxypropyl acryate (HPA). The effects of FM-AA-HPA on fluorescence and scale inhibition were researched. The results showed that the wavelength of the excited and the emitted spectrum of FM-AA-HPA were 399nm and 531nm,respectively,and the shapes were symmetric as mirror images. The relationship of fluorescent intensity and concentration of FM-AA-HPA was linear, and the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.9978，the limit of detection was 0.95mg·L-1. By static method, the scale inhibition ratio of Ca3(PO4)2 was 85.4% when the copolymer concentration was 20 mg·L-1; scale inhibition ratio of CaCO3 was 70.9% when the copolymer concentration was 15 mg·L-1; scale inhibition ratio of CaSO4 was 86.5% when the copolymer concentration was 15 mg·L-1;the ability of stabing Zn2+ ion was good. The results by SEM showed that the copolymer had high performance of scale inhibition on lattice distortion of CaCO3.
b. In order to obtain the thermodynamic data of the synthesis of ethyl carbonate (EMC) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), the standard molar enthalpies of formation, Gibbs free energy and molar heart capacity under constant pressure are calculated by the method of Benson group contributions. The enthalpy change, free energy change, equilibrium constant and equilibrium conversion rate of the reaction are calculated and discussed according to the principles of chemical thermodynamics under 300 -1000 K. The results show that the free energy change in the synthesis of EMC by transesterification of DMC with DEC is negative and the reaction is thermodynamically feasible. The free
energy change decreases with the increase with the increase in the temperature, and higher temperature is in favor of the reaction. The equilibrium constant of the reaction is only 33.20 even at 1000 K and the spontaneous degree of the reaction is low.
3.
a. In this paper, the accumulative error analysis of the incremental localization approach (ILA) is conducted by Monte Carlo simulation and the effects of the errors on localization accuracy are revealed. Then an improved ILA is proposed to reduce the accumulative errors. The basic idea behind the proposed algorithm is to reduce the error propagation by using the constraints on the distances between the unknown nodes and the best accurate nodes in previous known nodes. The simulation results show that the improved ILA can significantly reduce the accumulative errors of the ILA, and thus enhance the localization accuracy.
b. In the measurement of the period of torsion pendulum using the photoelectricity timing method, it is demonstrated that only the first sampling interval is the most similar to the real period of torsion pendulum whether caught in rising edges or in falling edges of amplitude, as long as position error exists. However, measurement error can’t be reduced through multi-average. A method of real-time computing damping ratio using the ratio of adjacent area of period is presented, and the feasibility of this method is demonstrated by theoretical analysis. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of moment of inertia with the method introduced in this paper decreases an order of magnitude
than that with photoelectricity timing method.
4．
a. There are many discrete-time problems in engineering community, but the existing theory only give us the method in continuous-time systems. Considering the one-unit discrete time repairable systems, this paper proposes a state transition model based on failure rate and repair rate. Then the reliability performances such as reliability, availability of the system and the mean failure times are obtained. A textbook example is given to illustrate the proposed model.
b. There are many discrete-time problems in Engineering community, but the existing theory only give us the method in continuous-time systems. Considering the one-unit discrete time repairable systems, this paper proposes a state transition model based on failure rate and repair rate. Then the reliability performances such as reliability, availability of the system and the mean failure times are obtained. Several textbook examples are given to illustrate the proposed model.
5.
a．To consider the effect of the earth on the calculation of ultra range trajectory more accurately, an elliptic earth trajectory model adopting accurate normal gravity is established. The calculation method for the rocket impact point and flight height is discussed. An accurate normal gravity calculation method is
deducted and an elliptic earth trajectory model is obtained. The error of range calculation by adopting a plain earth model is calculated and analyzed. The result shows that, in terms of the long range trajectory, the range calculation error by the ellipsoid earth surface trajectory model is smaller than that by the plain earth surface trajectory model.
b. In order to break through the restriction of tunnel length on the application of tailrace tunnel ventilation technology and extend the technology application scope, a series air-handling system of spraying the tailrace tunnel ventilation with low-temperature water is presented. The mathematical models of the counter and concurrent flow spray systems are established and the analytical solutions are derived. The influences of ventilation rate, spray coefficient, water jet pressure and the location of spray device on the operation performances of the series air-handling system are analyzed. The results indicate that it is useful to improve the heat and moisture treatment of the series air-handling system by using the priority air-handling mode of tailrace tunnel ventilation and increasing the spray coefficient, and the ventilation rate and water het pressure have the less influence on the operating performance of the series air-handling system.
6.
a. The transient received-force response and the penetration depth of the Kevlar composites impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) are studied by a self-made drop-hammer tester. The energy-absorbing mechanism of the STF-Kevlar composites during penetration is analyzed. The experimental results
show that the peak value of the stab resistance and penetration force of the impregnated Kevlar fabrics rises to about 400 N and the first level stress response time decreases to 3.5 ms while the penetration depth reduces less. The composites impregnated with middle concentration dispersion prepared with 120 nm SiO2 nano particles show the good stab resistance increases to 2.7 times of pure Kevlar fabrics, and their penetration depth reduces by ten percent.
b. The polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based fibers are carbonized at temperature of 600-900℃. Chemical composition and microstructure of the fibers are characterized using elemental analyzer, wide-angle X-ray diffractometer and laser Raman spectrometer. Mechanical and electrical properties of the fibers are examined. The results indicate that with the increase of the carbonization temperature, the mass fraction of carbon increases; nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen are partially removed from the fibers; linear density and elongation at break of the fibers decrease, volume density and tensile strength of the fibers increase; electrical resistivity of the fibers decreases drastically due to the increasing volume fraction of turbostratic graphite structure formed in carbonization process; low-temperature carbonization fiber/resin composite coatings with admirable antistatic property can be prepared.
7.
a. In order to prove the existence of weak solution for the complex Monge-Ampère equation in the pseudoconvex domain, the sub-solution is constructed by the properties of the domain. According to the theorem that the
sub-solution can imply the solution, the existence of weak solution in some special pseudoconvex domain is obtained. The results show that the sub-solution is based on the properties of the domain.
b. The temperature fields and thermal stress fields of the integrate circuit boards with single ship and multiple ships are simulated using formula for thermic insulants and composite materials by 3D FEM (finite element method). The numerical results indicate that there are great tangential thermal stresses between ships and integration circuit boards, which may do peeled damage to the boards. Different layouts of chips on board are also investigated, which makes an impact on temperature fields and thermal stress fields. Both maximum values of temperature and stresses can be decreased effectively when the chips are distributed reasonably.
3． 正文部分
1.上面两例讨论的主题都是疾病对人的寿命的影响。在第一例中可以清楚地看出所讨论的内容只不过是对主题句的重复，而且在主题句中对主要部分也就是主题部分应该有个限制。 从第二句到段落结束给人的感觉是几乎每个句子都可以拉出来单独作为一段文字的主题句， 所以说第一例内容缺乏一致性，而且文字中间没有任何联系，也缺乏连贯性。在第二例中， 作者在主题句中就明确地限定了该段文字扩展的方向，然后在扩展句中对为什么人的寿命得以延长进行了详尽的论述，所扩展的范围包括饮水、牛奶、食品、工程技术、公共卫生，等等。在段落的最后一句实际是对全文一个概括性总结，整个段落所描述的内容完整地解答了主题句中提出的扩展内容要求。
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