重难点04 阅读理解之议论文
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充
【命题趋势】
分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为…… 写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。 写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。 【满分技巧】 注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案) 2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。 3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有： (1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等； ②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；
③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等； ④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等； ⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。 以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。 4. 常见问题： (1)读不懂怎么？
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问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。 unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段； conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段； conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段； unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。 从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。 (2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？ (3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？ (4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。
在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。 【热点话题】
议论文热衷于社会现象类，社会热点类。 【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）
A
（山西省实验中学2019届高三第一学期期中） 话题：名人的窘境——隐私得不到保护 难度：★ 建议用时：5分 Although being famous might sound like a dream coming true, today’s stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi(狗仔队) camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids(小报) publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature!
According to psychologist Christina Villareal, celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them, not as the persons they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time,” Villareal says, “they feel separated and alone.”
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B. C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.
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Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome, why aren’t all celebrities running away from it? The answer is that there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place.
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still, even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already. 1. It can be learned from the passage that stars today ________. A. can no longer have their privacy protected B. are often misunderstood by the public C. spend too much on their public appearance D. care little about how they have come into fame 2. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A. Great heroes of the past were generally admired. B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history. C. Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids. D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers. 3. What makes it much harder to be a celebrity today? A. Huge population of fans.
B. Inadequate social recognition. D. Availability of modern media.
C. Lack of favorable chances.
4. What is the author’s attitude toward modern celebrity? A. Sincere.
B. Skeptical. D. Disapproving.
B
（2019年江苏省南通泰州七市高三英语第一次调研）
话题：司机猛踩刹车以避免撞到非法穿越马路的行人将风险从行人转移到车内的人 When a driver slams on the brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossing the road illegally, she is making a
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C. Sympathetic.
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moral decision that shifts risk from the pedestrian to the people in the car. Self-driving cars might soon have to make such ethical(道德的) judgments on their own — but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task, suggests a survey.
The largest ever survey of machine ethics, called the Moral Machine, laid out 13 possible situations in which someone’s death was unavoidable. Respondents were asked to choose who to spare in situations that involved a mix of variables: young or old, rich or poor, more people or fewer. Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.
When the researchers analysed these answers, they found that the nations could be divided into three groups. One contains North America and several European nations where Christianity has been the dominant(占支配地位的)religion; another includes countries such as Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan, with strong Confucian or Islamic traditions. A third group consists of countries in Central and South America, such as Colombia and Brazil. The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to save younger ones than did the second group, for example.
The researchers also identified relationships between social and economic factors in a country. They found that people from relatively wealthy countries with strong institutions, such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally than did respondents in nations with weaker institutions, such as Nigeria or Pakistan.
People rarely face such moral dilemmas, and some cities question whether the possible situations posed in the online quiz are relevant to the ethical and practical questions surrounding driverless cars. But the researchers argue that the findings reveal cultural differences that governments and makers of self-driving cars must take into account if they want the vehicles to gain public acceptance.
At least Barbara Wege, who heads a group working on autonomous-vehicle ethics at Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, says such studies are valuable. Wege argues that self-driving cars would cause fewer accidents, proportionally, than human drivers do each year—but that people might focus more on events involving robots.
Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might develop trust. “We need to come up with a social consensus,” she says, “about which risks we are willing to take.”
5. Why is it difficult to set universal moral rules for programming self-driving cars?
A. Social values always change with the times. B. Moral choices vary between different cultures.
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C. Drivers have a preference for sacrificing the weak. D. Car makers are faced with decisions of life or death. 6. The researchers conducted the study by_____.
A. using a massive online quiz worldwide B. comparing different cultures and customs C. dividing the respondents into three groups D. performing a series of controlled experiments
7. According to the study, in which country are drivers more likely to hit a pedestrian crossing the road illegally?
A. Nigeria C. Finland
B. Colombia D. Indonesia
8. Barbara Wege would probably agree that _____.
A. Self-driving cars will greatly improve the traffic environment B. Accidents caused by self-driving cars might receive more attention C. Problems involving self-driving cars might shake the public trust in society D. Car makers needn’t take the risk of solving self-driving car ethical dilemmas
C
（江西省临川第一中学2019届高三上学期期末考试） 话题：小公司的员工更专注于工作 难度：★★ 建议用时：5分 Making employees feel happy and healthy at work is good for many businesses. But it isn’t always an easy thing. A study suggests that only 33% of the U. S. employees consider themselves fully engaged （投身于）in work, while 16% are greatly disengaged, and 51% are just showing up.
But there is an exception. When it comes to employee engagement, it seems that employees in small companies are doing better. According to the same research, the largest U. S. companies are at the lowest levels of engagement, while companies with fewer than 25 employees are at the highest. And in one recent report, 75% of small business workers surveyed said they were “very” or “extremely” satisfied with their role as a small company employee.
Unlike big companies, small companies are often short of resources but the employees can get more surprises there. Small companies offer excellent career opportunities to their employees. The bosses often know their staff very well and understand their personal needs. Employees of small companies are more likely to receive free meals, paid leave, and they can even bring their pets to work.
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But of course ? there are many other draws in small businesses. One of the top draws is flexible scheduling (弹性工时). Another is being able to really see the fruits of one’s labor. Besides, non-cash award is also a big draw. This could be something small that reflects employees’ interests and lifestyles.
While a parental leave might lead to some financial problems, small companies may do something to improve it. “It may be impossible for a five-person team to be reduced to four for six months,” writes Camillia Velasquez, head of HR management platform, Justworks. “But it could be possible to allow new parents to take on reduced hours in a work-from-home environment. ” This kind of method has been realized in some small companies. 9. What can we know about employees in big and small companies?
A. Employees can develop better in small companies. B. Employees can earn more money in small companies. C. Employees in big companies are hard to be satisfied. D. Employees in small companies are more engaged in work. 10. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A. Working for small companies has many benefits.
B. All the employers in small companies know every staff member very well. C. Staff in small companies may face many challenges. D. Staff in big companies have more material benefits.
11. Compared with big companies, what is the advantage of small companies?
A. Employers in small companies have more choices. B. Small companies have more attractions to employees. C. Employees of small companies may have higher salaries. D. Employees of small companies have fixed working time. 12. What can be most probably inferred from the passage?
A. Small companies may have more employees with much happiness. B. Big companies should learn from some small companies. C. Employees should have their own hobbies and lifestyles. D. Employers should pay more attention to the staff’s needs.
D
（湖北省八校（鄂南高中、华师一附中、黄冈中学等)2018届高三第二次联考）
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话题：不要因别人的质问而怀疑自己选择的专业 难度：★★ 建议用时：5分 A few weeks ago, I called an Uber to take me to the Boston airport for a flight home for the holidays. As I slid into the back seat of the car, the warm intonations(语调) of the driver’s accent washed over me in a familiar way.
I learned that he was a recent West African immigrant with a few young children, working hard to provide for his family. I could relate: I am the daughter of two Ethiopian immigrants who made their share of sacrifices to ensure my success. I told him I was on a college break and headed home to visit my parents. That’s how he found out I go to Harvard. An approving eye glinted at me in the rearview window, and quickly, we crossed the boundaries of rider and driver. I became his daughter, all grown up — the product of his sacrifice.
And then came the fateful question: “What do you study?” I answered “history and literature” and the pride in his voice faded, as I knew it might. I didn’t even get to add “and African-American studies” before he cut in, his voice thick with disappointment, “All that work to get into Harvard, and you study history?”
Here I was, his daughter, squandering the biggest opportunity of her life. He went on to deliver the age-old lecture that all immigrant kids know. We are to become doctors (or lawyers, if our parents are being generous) — to make money and send money back home. The unspoken demand, made across generations, which my Uber driver laid out plainly, is simple: Fulfill your role in the narrative(故事) of upward mobility so your children can do the same.
I used to feel anxious and backed into a corner by the questioning, but now as a junior in college, I’m grateful for their support more than anything. This holiday season, I’ve promised myself I won’t huff and get annoyed at their inquiries. I won’t defensively respond with “but I plan to go to law school!” when I get unrequested advice. I’ll just smile and nod, and enjoy the warmth of the occasion. 13. What disappointed the driver?
A. The author’s attitude towards him. B. The school that the author is attending. C. The author’s majors in history and literature. D. The author’s interests in African American studies.
14. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 4?
A. wasting
B. creating
C. valuing
D. seizing
15. Why are immigrant kids expected to be doctors or lawyers?
A. Their parents want them to move upward in society. B. Their parents are high achieving as well.
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C. They have more opportunities. D. They are very smart in general.
16. How did the author react to the driver’s questioning?
A. Getting upset. C. Defending herself.
B. Feeling satisfied. D. Appreciating his concern.
E
（河南省实验中学2019届高三上学期质量预测模拟） 话题：青少年对即时效应和奖励比成人更敏感 难度：★★ 建议用时：5分 Don’t get mad the next time you catch your teenager texting when he promised to be studying. He simply may not be able to resist. A University of lowa(UI) study found teenagers are far more sensitive than adults to the immediate effect or reward of their behaviors. The findings may help explain why the initial rush of texting may be more attractive for adolescents than the long-term pay off of studying.
\"For the teenager, ‘the rewards are attractive.\" says Professor Jatin Vaidya，an author of the study. \"They draw adolescent. Sometimes, the rewards are a kind of motivation for them. Even when a behavior is no longer in a teenager’s best interest to continue, they will, because the effect of the reward is still there and lasts much longer in adolescents than in adults .\"
For parents, that means limiting distraction (分心的事情）so teenagers can make better choices. Take the homework and social media dilemma: At 9 p.m., shut off everything except a computer that has no access to Facehook or Twitter, the researchers advise. \"I’m not saying they shouldn’t be allowed access to technology,\" Vaidya says. But some help in netting their concentration is necessary for them so they can develop those impulse-control skills.”
In their study, Vaidya and co-author Shaun Vecera note researchers generally believe teenagers are impulsive（冲动的)，make bad decisions，and engage in risky behavior because the frontal lobes（额叶）of their trains are not fully developed. But the UI researchers wondered whether something more fundamental was going on with adolescents to cause behaviors independent of higher-level reasoning.
\"We wanted to try to understand the brain’s reward system how it change from childhood to adulthood,\" Says Vaidya, who adds the reward character in the human brain is easier than decision-making. “We’ve been trying to understand the reward process in adolescence and whether there is more to adolescence behavior than an under-developed frontal lobe,” he adds. For their study ,the researchers persuaded 40 adolescents, aged 13 and 16,and 40 adults, aged 20 and 35 to participate.
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In the future, researchers hope to look into the psychological and neurological（神经学上的）aspects of their results.
17. What does the passage mainly tell us?
A. The initial rush of texting is less attractive for adolescents than the long-term pay off of studying. B. Always, rewards are attractive to teenagers. C. Resistance can be controlled well by adolescents.
D. Getting rewards is the greatest motivation for adolescents to study. 18. Which statement agrees with Vaidya’s idea?
A. The influence of the reward is weak in adolescents. B. Parents should help children in making decisions. C. Children should have access to the Internet. D. Children need help in refocusing their attention. 19. What result does teenagers’ brain underdevelopment lead to?
A. Doing things after some thought. B. Making good decisions. C. Joining in dangerous actions. D. Escaping risky behavior.
20. How did the researchers carry out their study?
A. By making a comparison of brain examinations. B. By examining adults’ brain. C. By examining teenage brain. D. By building the train’s reward system.
F
（江西省临川第一中学2019届高三上学期期末考试） 话题：我们的内在模式真正决定了我们的情绪 难度：★★ 建议用时：5分 Have you ever thought that your life will be perfect if something in your outside world changes? You may say, “I will live happily if I find my soul mate.” You may say, “If the perfect job comes along, I will get satisfaction. My problem is that my boss is stupid.” Or you may say, “If I have a child, I will know what it is like to be loved.” The problem is that it is not the outside world that prevents you from experiencing peace, love and joy. Instead, it is your own internal (内部的) patterns that get in your way.
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To prove this point, at my weekend programs, I had my students look at a flower on my table. Then I asked them to share their experiences. Some showed a state of complete joy because staring at the flower reminded them of their wedding or a great trip with their lovers. Others said the flower made them angry because it reminded them of a gift given by a former partner who turned against them. Some students even told me that the flower reminded them of their beloved grandmothers’ gardens with some shedding tears (流泪)of joy and others shedding tears of sadness. However, the flower was still just a flower.
Our internal patterns decide whether each moment is filled with peace, anger, joy, love or sadness. When you don’t realize that it is your own internal state that is creating your experience, you are likely to blame (责备)the external situations in your life. Most people aren’t taught that emotion is a choice. And they aren’t taught how to change those lower emotional patterns such as anger, anxiety, sadness and so on. Next time, when you meet something bad, please look at your internal state. When you accept that you are responsible for your own state, and find the courage to turn inward, you can step out of being a slave to what shows up in your external world. 21. Why does the author mention the examples in Paragraph 1? A. To lead to the topic of this passage. B. To complain about imperfect life. C. To show common problems in life.
D. To encourage people to change the outside world. 22. How does the author prove his opinion? A. By giving examples. C. By telling a related story.
B. By doing an experiment.
D. By comparing other people’s opinions.
23. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph? A. To step out of negative emotions. B. To pay attention to our internal world. C. To share our real emotions with others.
D. To use different methods to change bad emotions. 24. What does the author want to express through the passage? A. Our external world matters a lot. B. Our emotions can affect our health.
C. Our internal patterns truly decide our emotions.
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D. Our experiences have a great influence on our emotions.
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以下内容为：高中英语到底怎么学？
开学伊始，对于所有的同学来说，都是新的开始，新学期到底该如何学好英语? 这是很多同学高中三年都一直追问的问题。看了那么多英语学渣变身学霸的逆袭故事，为什么还是学不好英语?我只能说：愿望是好的，行动是关键!今天，一位高考英语137分的学姐和大家分享高中三年英语到底该怎么学，希望你不只是看一看，唯有行动才能结出硕果!
进入高中的第一天起，你的人生就开始了一个崭新的阶段。高中三年，你要为你的将来打拼，你要知道，能够对自己人生负责的只有自己。不要想着刚刚开学，一切都不着急，高中的每一天都不能懈怠，因为别人一直在进步，你停滞不前就是退步。更不要觉得初中底子好，短期内吃吃老本儿没关系，久而久之，你就会为你的懒惰和厌恶改变埋单。英语学习也是这样，你要做好改变的准备，改变以前初中时的英语学习方法，你要做好打一场持久战的心理准备。如果你是高二、高三的同学，以上说的这些同样适用。
单词方面，大家都知道，初中英语1600词，高中英语3500词，这只是量的比较。从单词长度和用法来讲，高中英语远远难于初中。没有一定的词汇量，英语水平和成绩的提高便无从谈起。所以，你要制定一套不同于初中的记单词方法。下面推荐一套完整的高中英语记单词方法：
1. 买一本课本同步参考资料。
课本上的单词不仅要记住，其固定搭配、句型和用法也非常非常非常重要，而这些你都可以在参考资料上找到。
2. 准备一个单词笔记本。
把课本同步资料上的重点单词、短语、句型及其用法用心摘抄到笔记本上，一周至少复习三次。
3. 买一本3500词。
没错，高一开始就可以刷3500词了，你可以利用零碎时间看和记。这样做的好处是，到高考前夕，一本3500词你至少应该可以翻个七八遍了，相对于那些一遍都没翻过的同学，你领先的可不是一点点哦！
4. 保存做过的每一篇完形和阅读。
这样做的目的是，要定期翻看上面的生词注释，避免遗忘。前提是，做完每一篇之后你要把生词查出来标注在相应位置。我不建议把文章中的生词摘抄到笔记本上，脱离语境的记忆印象不深刻、记忆不持久、用法不清晰。
5. 看名著简写本。
阅读英语名著，可以增加词汇量、提高阅读能力、了解英语本土文化、滋养身心……真是好处多多啊！给大家推荐书虫和床头灯系列，大家可以根据自己的英语水平选择读哪些。书虫系列分年级，床头灯系列分字数，价钱都不贵，书店和网上都可以买到。
6. 背新概念2和新概念3。
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适合高中生英语水平的新概念大概就是这2册了。头天晚上把要背的文章理顺，生词解决掉，结构划分出来（有利于背诵），第二天早上早起半小时在户外找个相对安静的地方，大声朗读并背诵。背诵最多不超多20篇，不仅词汇量有增加，听说、阅读和写作都会有很大提升，这一点我自己深有体会。
语法学习较之单词积累要相对容易一些，只要肯下功夫钻研，短期内都会有比较大的进步。我们来看看高中英语到底都学哪些语法内容：动词时态和语态；非谓语动词；定语从句；名词性从句；并列句；状语从句；情态动词；虚拟语气；介词；特殊句式。总共也就10个语法专题。根据我多年学习语法的经验，给大家几点建议：
1. 高一、高二时，课本单元语法必须掌握。
这样做的好处是，可以成功应对月考、期中考、期末考等各种零碎考试。因为高一高二的英语考试考查的都是阶段性学习内容，平时的考试成绩对提升大家自信心可是很重要的，千万不能忽视哦！之前在单词记忆建议部分和大家说到要买一本课本同步参考书，里面就有课本各单元的语法讲解和练习。
2. 高三的同学，复习语法时一定要按专题复习。
你可以买一本高考语法书，比如《5年高考3年模拟》，重点看里面的知识点和解题方法讲解，然后做后面的真题和模拟题，一本下来，高考英语语法相对完整的知识结构你就差不多搭建好了。如果你有更喜欢的辅导资料也可以。
3. 语法是小白的同学，先学会初中语法再学高中的。
语法小白的同学主要是初中英语没好好学、或者是刚刚学语法时没有入门导致后面怎么学也学不懂最后干脆自暴自弃了。到了高中，如果还不好好学的话，一般也就20——60分的水平，甚至更低。如果想越过初中语法直接学高中的，几乎是不可能的，所以，这时候，要有耐心，还是先把初中的好好学一遍再来学高中的吧！
在英语学习中，有句话叫做“得阅读者得天下”。那么，怎样才能“得阅读”呢。“得阅读”要满足三个条件：单词量过关；语法过硬；解题方法独到。听上去似乎很难，其实这是一个慢慢积累和领悟的过程。
单词的积累和语法的学习前面已经讲过，就不再啰嗦了。下面我只说一下答题步骤和解题方法。 1. 答题步骤
一定一定一定要先看题干，注意，不要看选项，避免把选项内容和文章内容相混淆。划出题干中的关键词，主要是专有名词、时间、地点等，目的是等会儿读文章时容易锁定答题区间。之后再看文章。最后是边看文章边锁定答题区间，分析答题区间的内容进行答题。简单来说就是：看题干，划关键词——读文章，锁定答题区间——分析答题区间内容，答题。
2. 解题方法
我的解题方法很简易，就是根据题型解析。事实细节题，直接在文中的答题期间寻找和分析答案；推
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理判断题，不能选已知内容，要选未知内容，并且只能是做出一步推理；词义猜测题，根据本句或上下句分析一下就可以了；主旨大意题，这种题型我都是留在最后做，因为答完前面的题文章基本就看完了，大概内容已经知道，此时再归纳总结就很容易了。
以上说的这些都是我自己的经验积累，还是那句话，一定要做，做了，你才知道适不适合你，甚至会有新的更好的发现。
我之前在一篇文章里说过，阅读好的人完形一定不会差。如果文章大意都读不懂，完形填空更无从谈起了。所以，如果你阅读和完形都不好，还是先把阅读练好再练完形吧！关于完形填空的答题步骤和解题方法我也说一下：
1. 答题步骤：先浏览一遍文章大意，再做题，最后检查。 2. 解题方法：其实就是一句话，根据上下文解题。 写作是体现英语综合水平的一个题目。
如果你词汇和语法都很好，但25分的英语写作怎么也上不了20分。我觉得这是你缺乏写作思路导致的。解决方法就是多看历年真题和模拟题中的优秀范文，模仿人家的写作思路，自己写几篇，慢慢就会形成自己的思路，久而久之，甚至会对于英语写作有自己独到的见解。
如果你的英语基础薄弱，词汇和语法都不过关，想提高英语写作就有些难度了，需要你付出更多的努力。一方面，要在词汇积累和语法学习上有所突破；另一方面，也要针对英语写作做出针对性努力。关于英语写作，你可以准备一个作文本。每天看两篇历年真题和模拟题上的优秀范文，把里面的生词全部标注出来，好的短语句型也用红笔划出来， 多读两遍范文，好词好句争取记在脑子里，等用心读的遍数多了，基本要背下来的时候，试着在笔记本上默写出这篇范文。每天两篇，坚持一个月就会有大进步。
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