中考英语语法笔记整理大全
名 词
表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
一、名词的分类 类 别 意 义 例 词 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、Jim , China, Qingdao, the 专有名词 地名、机构、团体等的专有名UK, the Great Wall 称 名 girl, student, factory, 可 个体 表示单个人的人或事物 desk, cat , country 数 名词 名 集合 表示一群人或一些事物的总people, police, team, 普词 名词 称 clothes, group, crew 通不 物质water, ice, pork, cheese,
名表示无法分为个体的物质 可 名词 cotton, broccoli 词 词 数 抽象fun, healthy, happiness, 名 表示抽象概念的词 名词 courage, love, care 词 注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词―the‖，但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒， work--- a work 工厂，著作 ，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯， room空间---a room一个房间 二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 ―a或an‖；复数形式是在名词后加 ―-s或-es‖。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表： 当名词为： 词尾变化 读 音 例 词 在清辅音后chips, jeeps, pats , clocks 读/s/ 一般情况 加s 在浊辅音或boys, sharpeners, sofas, 元音后读/z/ drawers 以s,x,ch,sh结watches, boxes, classes, 加es /iz/ 尾的单词 brushes 以字母o结尾zoos, photos, bamboos, 加s或es /z/ 的单词 tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, 以辅音字母+y去y 变i/z/ dictionaries, strawberries, 结尾的单词 加es 去f或fe 以f 或fe结尾变v 加 /vz/ leaves, wives, halves 的单词 es 以th结尾的词 加s /ðz/; /θz/ mouths, paths; months, deaths
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice ②单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,… ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数
eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers
注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物，
time 时间 --- times 时代，green 绿色 ---greens 青菜 (2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦 (3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
三、名词的所有格
名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+‘s；另一种是用of, 表示 ―……的‖。
1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +‘s。 eg. Mr. Mott‘s robot, children‘s clothes (2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 +‘ eg. teachers‘ books
(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+‘s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面
+‘s。 eg. Lucy and Lily‘s room. (指两人共住一个房间)
Mrs Green‘s and Mrs Brown‘s son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctor‘s (office) Mr. White‘s
2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man
(4) 双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Tom‘s
(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加‘s来构成所
有格。
eg. ten minutes‘ walk, today‘s newspaper
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories
2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges
3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to his home . A. 25 minutes‘ walk B. 25 minute‘s walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk 4. An old _______ wants to see you.
A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 5. Help yourself to __________.
A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples 6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.
A. room‘s number B. rooms‘ number C. room numbers D. rooms‘ numbers 7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________. A. family B. house C. home D. room
8. ________ mothers couldn‘t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peter‘s B. Mary and Peter C. Mary‘s and Peter D. Mary‘s and Peter‘s 9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.
A. her uncle B. her uncle‘s C. her uncles D. aunt‘s 10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn‘t ________ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience 11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.
A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister‘s 12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 13.The team ________ having a meeting .
A. is B. are C. am D. be 14. ―Would you like _________?‖ ―________, please.‖
A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees
C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees
15. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.
A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions
1． Last night, there was a food accident. The _______ were ill, but no _______ were lost.
A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life 2. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young. ---OK, how happy they both looked!
A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's C. my mother's and father's D.my father's and my mother 3. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.
A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class
4. Today is September 10th. It's __________ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.
A. Teachers B. Teachers' C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's 5. The market isn't far from here. It's only _________ bicycle ride.
A.half an hours' B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half 6. --- What would you like to drink, girls? --- _________, please.
A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees
7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _________. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. Some _________ are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs 9. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday.
A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks' D. two week's 10. They are those _________ bags.Please put them on the bus.
A. visitor B. visitors C. visitor's D. visitors' 11.--- How many workers are there in your factory? --- There are two ___________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of 12. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? --- It sounds really wonderful.
A. subject B. music C. book D. animal 13. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. ground 14. _________ comes from sheep and some people like eating it
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk 15. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.
A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise 16. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.
A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes's D. minutes 17. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!
A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news 18. Which is the ________ to the post office?
A. street B. way C. road D. address 19. I stayed at ________ last Sunday.
A. my uncles B. my uncles' C. my uncle's D. my uncle's family 20. Maths ________ not easy to learn.
A. are B. is C. am D. were
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
一、 不定冠词的用法
1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如：Pass me an apple , please. 2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：A boy is waiting for you 3). 表示 ―一‖这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈.例如: We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow. 4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如: a few, a little, a lot of
注: 用a 还是an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头. 二、定冠词的用法
1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy
2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如:-Where are the new books, Jim? 3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如: Today he is making a machine.
He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane.
4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:The sun is bigger than the moon. 5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如: The first truck is carrying a few baskets.
6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:the Great Wall 7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如:
in the morning (afternoon, evening), 三、不用冠词的情况
1）在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk 2）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如： The letter is in her pocket.
3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如：My father and mother are teachers. 4）在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.) 5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Uncle Wang likes making things. 6）在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如： He went to school after breakfast. Can you play basketball?
注： 在某些固定词组中，如：at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。 1. We saw ______ elephant in the zoo. _______ elephant was from India. A. a; The B. the; An C. an; The D. the;
2. — How do you get home from _______? By Bus? —No, I walk. _______ isn’t very far.
A. school; The school B. the school; The school C. the school; School D. school; School
3. There’s ______ dictionary on _______ desk near the window. A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the
4. —How far is it from our school to _______ seaside? —It is _______ eight-kilometre walk from here. A. the; an B. /; an C. the; a D./; a 5. — Where is _______ maths teacher? — He’s talking with Sam’s father.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
6. The scientists from _______ United States live in _______ Ninth Street. A. the; the B. /; the C. /;/ D. the; /
7. _______ sun is bigger than _______ earth. A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the
8. _______ earth we live on is bigger than _______ moon. A. The; a B. The; the C. An; a D. An; the
9. I liver on _______ floor of the hotel so I have to take a lift.
A. twenty-seventh B. twenty-seven C. the twenty-seven D. the twenty-seventh 10. The farmers were busy _______ ready for the next year in _______ winter of 1999.
A. getting; / B. to get; the C. to get; / D. getting ; the 11. — Hi, Jack. Do you have ______ pen? — Sorry, I don’t have one. A. aB. an C. the D./
12. — Have you seen ______ pen? I left it here this morning. — Is it ______ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an
13. I am reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story. A. a; an B. a;a C. the; the D./; an
14. If you don’t mind, pass me _______ apple, please. A. a B. an C. the D. /
15. There’s _______ “h” in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D. /
16. No hurry. There’s _______ time left. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
17. ______ India and China are of _______ same continent. A. /; the B. The; the C. /;/ D. /; a
18. I think study is _______ important work. A. a B. an C. / D. the
19. It takes us nearly _______ hour to go to Korla by _______ air. A. an; a B. a; an C. an; / D. a; the
20. The text is very easy for you. There are _______ new words in it. A. a few B. a little C. few D. little 二、选择填空： A. / B. a C. an D. the 1. They are living ______happy life now. 2. ______bag on ______desk is mine. 3. There is ______empty box on the table.
4. Do you like ______music of the film ―Titanic‖? 5. On ______Saturday, I stay in ______bed till 12:00. 6. ______Browns have been to China twice. 7. Don‘t make any noise in ______class.
8. This is such ______interesting story that you must listen to it. 9. Next week they will go to Australia by ______air. 10. Which is bigger, ______sun or ______moon?
代 词
1． 人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示―我‖ ―你‖ ―他‖ ―我们‖ ―你们‖ ―他们‖。请看下表：
数 单 数 复 数 格 人 称 主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 we you he she me you him her they them we you us you it it 2．物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。 词 义 他/她/我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 类 型 它们的 形容词性物主代词 名 词性物主代词 my mine your yours his his her hers its its our ours your yours their theirs 3．反身带词：用来表示―某人自己‖的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示： 词 我(们)自己 你(们)自己 他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己 义 数 单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配，例如： make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to…,etc
4．指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表 这，这个 那，那个 这些 那些 this that these those 5．疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有：who, what, which, whose, whom，
6．相互代词：用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有：each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。
7．连接代词： 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有：what, which, who, whom whose, that例如： 8. 不定代词：不定代词没有确定的对象， 常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many， much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。
1. This isn‘t ______ pencil case. I left ______ at home.
A. my, mine B. me, my C. I, my D. my, myself
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 3. ------ Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
------ ______ OK. I‘m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None 4. The population of China is much large than ______
A. this B.those C.it D.that 5 . ------ When shall we meet again?
------ Make it ______day you like. It‘s all the same to me.
A. one B.any C.another D.all He said ______ at the meeting and just sat there silently. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything ------ Do you know the lady ______ is interviewing our headmaster?
------ Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.
A. which B. who C. whom D. whose 23. Either Mary or her parents will let me use ____ car. A. her B. their C. mine D. him 24. The bird builds ____ nest in the tree. A. her B. it's C. its D. her's 25. The sun makes ____ day and night. A. its B. we C. our D. ours.
26. ─I've forgotten my bread.─Never mind, you can have ____ . A. some of us B. us some C. some of ours D. some of our
27. Two sisters of ____ help us with our English. A. him B. his C. he D. he's 29. Lily and Bill want to see it ____ . A. theirselves B. themselves C. himself D. themself 30. We had better ask the secretary ____ . A. his B. him C. himself D. themselves 31. We met his grandma ____ . A. himself B. hers C. herself D. her 1. If you need money, I'll lend you ____ . A. one B. some C. any D. those 2. The pen I'm writing with is different from ____ . A. that ones B. that one C. that one's D. those one 3. I remember ____ word he said that day. A. all B. none C. both D. every
4. \" Does he study physics or chemistry ?\" \" He studies ____ .\" A. either B. neither C. none D .all
5. \"Does he study English or Russian ?\" \"He studies ____ .\" A. both B. all C. either D. none
6. There are several windows in the room. The ____ face south. A. both B. all C. every D. either 7. Do you have ____ to say at the meeting? A. something important B. anything important C. important something D. important anything 8. I've had enough bread, would you like ____ ? A. one more B. some more C. any much D. another more 9. ____ wore what she liked best. A. Each of the women B. Each of the woman C. Each of women D. Each the women
16. Have you any books on cooking? I'd like to borrow ____ . A. it B. that C. this D. one 18. Is this your coat? No, mine is ____. A. one blue B. a blue one
19. If you need money,I'll lend you ____ . A. one B. it C. those D. some. 20. \"Have you found the pen you lost yesterday ? \"A. one B. the one C. one's D. it
22. Put ____ bread on the table; we need ____ more.
A. any, some B. some, any C. some, some D. any, any
23. There isn't ____ work for us to do.
A. some B. any
24. He remembers having read about it in ____ .
A. any storybook B. some storybook
25. I have ____ important to tell you.
A. something B. anything
数 词
1. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympic.
A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of 2. Both of the rules are broken. I want to buy a ______ one.
A. three B. third C. forth D. /
3). --- Which is the smallest number of the four? --- _________. A. Two- thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths 4). Please write down the new words in the text of _______.
A. Lesson Eleven B. the Lesson Eleven C. Lesson Eleventh
1. _______ of people in the world are sending information by E-mail ever day. A. Many million B. Several million C. Several millions D. Many millions 2. About _______ of the surface of the earth _______ covered with water.
A. three quarter, is B. three quarters, has C. three quarters, is D. three quarter, are
3. It will take _______ time to finish the work.
A. one and a half years‘ B. a year and half C. one and a half year‘s D. a year and half‘s
4．--- How long will your stay here ?、 ---For ________ .
A. one and two day‘s B. one and two day C. a day or two D. one or two day 5．When he moved to Germany in ______ , he was already in _______ . A. the fifties; his sixties B. fifties; his sixties C. the fifties; his sixty D. fifty; sixty 6．My brother lives in ______ on ______ floor.
A. six Room ;second B. Room six ;the second C. Room six; two floor D. the room six ; the second 7．December is _______ month of the year.
A. twelve B. twelfth C. the twelfth D. the twelve 8．This took place in the ______ .
A. 1940 B. 1940s C. 1940es D. 1940th
9．It is only _____ from my home to the train station.
A. ten minutes walk B. ten-minutes walk C. ten minutes ‗s walk D. ten minutes‘ walk 10．There are ______ in this building , I live on ______.
A. nine floors ,the ninth floor B. nine floor, the ninth floor C. nine floor , nine floors D.ninth floor,the ninth floor
11．The water behind the Three Gorges Dams (三峡大坝) should be ______ higher than downstream（ 下游）。
A. sixty-five meter B. sixty-fifth meter C. sixty-five meters D. sixty-fifth meters 12. There are _______ days in a year.
A. three hundred sixty-five B. three hundred and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty –five D. two hundreds and sixty-five 13. ---How many teachers are there in your school? --- __________. , but I'm not sure.
A. Hundreds B. Hundred C. Hundreds of D. One hundred 14. There are _________ doctors and nurses working hard in that hospital.
A. thousand B. two thousand C. two thousands D. two thousands of 15. --- What's one fourth and a half, do you know? --- Yes, it's _________.
A. two sixths B. three fourths C. one three D. three sixth 16. Now children, turn to page ________ and look at the _______ picture in Lesson Two. A. twentieth, one B. twenty, one C. twentieth, first D. twenty, first 17. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______ one. A. three B. third C. forth D. / 18. December is the __________ month in year.
A. twenty B. twelve C. twentieth D. twelfth 19. --- What is the date today? --- It's _________.
A. Thursday B. June the sixteenth C. the best day D. June fifteen 20. She knows a lot about China as she has been to China ________.
A. for the forth time B. four times C. a fourth time D. for four times
连 词
1．Which is bigger, the sun _________ the moon?A. or B. and C. but D. so 2. Hurry up, __________ we will miss the train.
A. but B. and C. or D. so
3. He hurt her _________ badly _______ she had to see a doctor. A. too, that B. so , that C. either, or D. too, to
4. Look out! The traffic is moving fast. It's ________ dangerous ________ cross the street. A. very, to B. so, to C. much, to D. too, to
5. It's _______ far _______ walk home from here. Let's take a bus. A. so, that B. too, to C. enough, to D. such, that 6. \"Why didn't Nick come to school yesterday?\" \" _______ he was ill. \"
A. After B. Where C. When D. Because 7. John fell asleep _________ he was listening to the music.
A. after B. before C. while D. as soon as 8.\" I won't go to the party tomorrow.\"
\" __________ you told me you would . What 's happening?\" A. But B. So C. And D. Or
9. Stop cutting trees, ________ the earth will become worse and worse. A. and B. then C. but D. or
10. \" Be careful! Don't break the bottles. Do you hear _______ I said, David?\" \" Yes, mum.\"
A. What B. that C. how D. if
11. Mr Smith comes from Australia, but he has worked in China for five years. So you can talk with him ______________.
A. either in English or in Chinese B. not in Chinese but in English C. just in English, not in Chinese D. neither in Chinese nor in English 12. I can ________ swim _______ skate. Will you please teach me?
A. either…or B. not only… but also C. both… and D. neither… nor 13. When I got the news that the ship would sink, I was _________ frightened ________ my legs couldn't move forward.
A. so, that B. very, that C. too, that D. too, to 14. She bought a digital camera online __________ she saved a lot of time. A, so that B. as soon as C. no matter D. such that 15.Beijing has ________ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours, A. so B. very C. too D. much
16. Hurry up, ________ you will miss the train. It's leaving in ten minutes. A. and B. so C. however D. or
17.Not only his parents but also his brother ________ to the Summer Palace. They haven't been back. A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone 18. You'd better do it ________ your mother did.
A. when B. as C. like D. because
19. ______ they are brothers, they don't look like each other at all. A. Because B. Though C. When D. As 20. --- When did you know the news?
--- I knew nothing about it _________ my friend told me. A. after B. it C. because D. until
动 词
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下： 一般情况 以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 以辅音＋y结尾 ＋s ＋es 去y变i＋es 2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）： 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 I am a student. I am not a student. Are you a student. We/You/ They are We/You/ They are not Are you/ they 第一、二人称和第三人students. students. students? 称复数以及名词复数 He/ She is a student. He/ She is not a student. Is he/ she a student? I / We/ You/ They/ don‘t I / We/ You/ They/ like like music. Do you/ they like music. Many people don‘t like music? Many people like music. Do many people like music. music? 3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如： I get up at six every morning. 现在的状态 例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school. 客观真理 例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn‘t work B. doesn‘t work C. won‘t work D. can‘t work
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don‘t get off, stops D. Don‘t get off, will stop
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
2. 现在进行时
1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式 v-ing现在分词的构成： +ing 一般情况 +ing 以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing 以辅音字母＋y结尾的单词 去e+ing 以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时. 双写词尾字母+ing
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式： 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和I am driving. I am not driving. Are you driving? 第三人称复数以He/She/It is working. He/She/It is not Is he/she/it working? 及名词复数 We/You/They are doing working. Are you/they doing something. We/You/They are not something? doing anything. 6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1．I don‘t think that it‘s true. She‘s always ______ lies. A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told 2. How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on 3．--- Are these socks yours?
--- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung 3．一般将来时
1）一般将来时的构成：
1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形 3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：
tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
1. I______ for Hong Kong on Saturday. Will you go to see me off at the airport？ A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left
2.I______ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week. A. came B. am going come C. come D. will come 3. We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold 4．一般过去时
1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下： +ed 一般情况 +d 以e字母结尾的辅音 以辅音字母＋y结尾 去y变i＋ed 重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字 双写词尾字母+ed 母 2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）： 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 I was a student. I was not a student. Were you a student. 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student. I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn‘t like music. Many people didn‘t like music. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student? Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? 3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1． r. Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.
A. was B. is C. will be D. would be 2．---Hi, Tom.
---Hello, Fancy. I ______ you were here.
A.don‘t know B.won‘t think C. think D. didn‘t know 3．He promised to tell me by himself when I ______.
A. come B. would come C. come D. had come 5．现在完成时
1） 现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）： 主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 I /We/You/ They have I /We/You/ They Have you/ they been been here before. haven‘t been here here before? 第一、二人称和第三人He/ She has been here before. Has he/ she been here 称复数以及名词复数 before. He/ She hasn‘t been before? .I / We/ You/ They/ here before . Have you/ they/ many Many people have seen .I / We/ You/ They/ people seen the film? the film. Many people haven‘t seen the film. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ --How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night.
A. have, got B. have , had C. have, caught D. did, have My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?
A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank 3. I ______ you for a long time. Where ______ you ______?
A. Didn‘t seen; did, go B. didn‘t see; have, gone C. haven‘t seen; have, been D. haven‘t seen; have gone 6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成： was / were +v-ing 3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：
at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going 7、过去完成时态
1）过去完成时态的构成：
肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词 否定式：hadn‘t + 动词的过去分词 疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词 简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.
No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went
C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy 3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to 时态综合例题解析：
１--What are Mr and Mrs Black doing ?
---They _____ tea in the garden.
A. are drinking B. drank C. have drunk D. drink 2. My mother often asks me _____early .
A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up
3. Soon Wu Dong ____ up with Li Lei, then they were neck and neck. A. taught B. caught C. bought D. brought 4. The car ____and stopped at the red traffic light.
A. got on B. got off C. slowed down D. picked up 5. Tom ____ the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 6. ---Do you know ______?
---Sorry, but if he _____ back, I ____ you know as soon as possible.
A. when will he be back, comes, will let B. when he will be back, will come, will let C. what time will he be back, will come, let D. what time he will be back, comes, will let 7. We ____ to the park if it is fine tomorrow. A. will go B. have gone C. go
8. A new shoe factory will ______ in this part of the city. A. be building B. be built C. build
9. ---______ all your things, Tom! I hate them here and there. ---Ok, Mom.
A. Put up B. Put on C. Put down D. Put away 10. --- How about going hiking this weekend? --- Sorry, I prefer ____ rather than _____.
A. to stay at home, go out B. to go out, stay at home C. staying at home, go out D. going out, stay at home 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配)：
1. A policeman saw two thieves ______a girl‘s mobile phone on the bus and hecaught them at
once.
A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. stolen
2. The Chinese pingpong players will join in the match.Let‘s ______them success. A. wish B.to wish C.hope D.to hope 3. He is so careless that he always ______his school things at home.
A. forgets B.forgot C.leaves D.left 4. ----Who ______the computer? I want to use it. ----Timmy. He ______ it for a week.
A. borrowed, has borrowed B.has borrowed, bought C.has borrowed, has kept D.bought, has borrowed 5. Look! One of the girls ______the door.
A. cleans B.is cleaning C.clean D.are cleaning 6. If you don‘t feel well, you may just ______.
stopped reading B.stop reading C.stopped to read D.stop to read 7. ----Where can we get a baseball? ----Let‘s ______.
A. lend Jim one B.lend one to Jim C.borrow one from Jim D.borrow one of Jim 8. ----My model ship doesn‘t work.
----Don‘t worry. I‘ll have it ______this afternoon.
A. repairing B.made C.repaired D.mend 9. You ______wash your hands before meals.
A. need B.must C.can D.may 10. Will you ______the light? It‘s dark in the room.
A. get on B.get off C.trun on D.turn off 11. My name is Zhang Mingjian. You may ______me Zhang Mingjian or Mr Zhang.
A. ask B.say C.tell D.call 12. There is going to ______a game in our school this afternoon.
A. has B.have C.be D.are 13. You‘d better______smoking. It‘s bad for your health.
A. eat up B.give up C.come up D.get up 14. ----How do you like this book?
----I think it has nothing to______with our study. A. make B.do C.take D.hold 15. ----Where is Mr Brown? I have some questions to ask him. ----He ______the office.
A. has been to B.has been in C.has gone to D.has gone in A. finds B.makes C.feels D.takes
1. We __________out by that time that he_________ a thief for a longtime.
A. had found, had been B. had found, was C. found, had been D. found, was 2. It so happened that they________ the novel before.
A. had read B. would read C. were reading D. read 3. She________ for nearly two hours.
A. kept talking B. kept to talk C. has kept talking D. kept to talking 4. Spring_______ after winter.
A. comes B. came C. has come D. had come
5.—I hear some noise in the next room. —Oh, yes. Your sister_______ there.
A. cries B. is crying C. cried D. was crying
6. All the students__________ to plant trees and there‘s nobody in the classroom.
A. go B. will go C. have gone D. wound go 7. Stop! A little boy_________ the street.
A. is crossing B. crosses C. crossed D. has crossed 8. The girl________ to milk since last winter.
A. learns B. learned C. has learned D. would learn 9. What__________ to you this morning?
A. happens B. is happened C. happened D. was happened 10. —The old man looks healthy.
—Yes. He________ some running after he gets up.
A. does B. did C. has done D. will do 11. She didn‘t pass the exams because she________ her lessons well.
A. wasn‘t prepared B. wasn‘t been prepared C. hadn‘t prepared D. was preparing
12. This story_______ in a faraway village in Europe many years ago.
A. is happened B. was happened C. happened D. has been happened
13. —Mr King came back to our village.
—Really? For what?
—The old man________ the noise in the city.
A. is hating B. hates C. was hating D. has hated 14. His father ________ for a week.
A. died B. will die C. has been died D. has been dead 15. My mother is ill. I _______stay at home and look after her.
A. has to B. must C. would D. have to 16.---Do you know the Frenchman? ---Yes. I ______him for two years.
A. know B. have known C. knew D. have been known 17. They______ all their money, so they have to walk home.
A. spend B. had spent C. have spent D. will spend 18. Great changes_______ in the city, and a lot of factories_______. A.have been taken place, have been set up B.have taken place, have been set up C.have taken place, have set up D.were taken place, were set up 19. ---When did Kate‘s grandma die? ---While the doctors______ on her.
A. are operating B. were operating C. operate D. operated 20. ---Who are you looking for? ---Mr White.
---Wait here for a while. The class meeting_______ over in half an hour. A. is B. will be C. was D. has been
21. If she‘s not at home, you ______ try telephoning her at the office. A. will B. could C. would D. need
形 容 词 和 副 词
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
一、形容词
1多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是：1）冠词或人称代词 2）数词 3）性质 4）大
小 5）形状6）表示老少，新旧 7）颜色 8）事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。例如： His grandpa still lives in this small short house. 他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。
2形容词名词化：有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词，表示一类人，谓语常用复数。这类
词有：rich / poor;
good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。例如： The young should take good care of the old. 年轻人应该好好照顾老人。 二、副词
多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如：He runs slowly.。 时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如：They went to the park yesterday morning. 频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后，实义动词之前 如： Do you usually go to school on foot.
注：有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如： late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等
The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time. Open your mouth wide.
三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下： 1) 符合规则的： 情 况 一 般 情 况 以e结尾的词 以―辅音+y‖结尾的词 以一个辅音字母结尾的词 多音节和部分双音节单词 加 法 直接加 -er ; -est 加 –r ; -st 变y为i再加-er ; -est 辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -est 在词前加 more ; most 例 词 tall-taller-tallest nice-nicer-nicest dry-drier-driest heavy-heavier-heaviest thin-thinner-thinnest more delicious most delicious 最高级 best worst most least 2）几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表： 原 级 good , well bad , ill many , much little 比较级 better worse more less far 形容词和副词比较级的用法 级别 比较程度 肯 定 形 式 否 定 形 式 表达方式和意义 farther / further farthest / furthest 例 句 备 注 原 级 同 等 程 度 As+原级+as (像……一样) Art is as interesting as music. Play as well as you can. not + so (as) +原级+as (不如……那样) English is not so difficult as science. She does not study so well as I do. 比较级 不同程度 （用于两者比较） 比较级+than (比……) Jim is older than Luky. I like pork better than beef. 比较级前面可以加 much, far, even, still, a lot, a little, a bit等 程度加深 比较级+and+比较级 （越来越……） The + 比较级，the + 比较级 （越……, 越……） He is growing taller and taller. He studies better and better. The more books she reads, the better she understand. Spring is the best season of the 副词最高级The +最高级+of (in) year. 前面的the (最……) Lin Tao jumped (the) farthest of 往往省略 all. 注意：有些形容词，如 dead, empty, round, sure, woolen 等受本身含义的限制，没有比较级。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ He is ________ friends than I.
A. much more B. many more C. very more D. too more 2. Which is the _________ country, Japan or Australia?
A. more developed B. more developing C. most developed D. most developing There were _______ shops in the city in 1982 than in 1990.
A. little B. few C. fewer D. less 4. If you are not free today, come another day __________. A. too B. so C. instead D. yet 5．He can‘t tell us ________, I think.
A. important anything B. anything important
C. important something D. something important. 6. The Huang River is the second __________ river in our country. A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest 最高级 最高程度 （用于三者或三者以上） 7. The light in the office wasn‘t ________for him to read.
A. enough bright B. bright enough C. brightly D. enough brightly 8. There was an accident at the corner. ________, the girl wasn‘t _________hurt. A. luckily, badly B. luck, hardly C. Lucky, heavily D. Lucky, strongly 9. You must keep your eyes _________ when you do eye exercises. A. close B. open C. closed D., opened
10. Five days has passed , but I haven‘t finished half of the work. ________, A. already B. still C. too D. yet 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 选择最佳答案填空：
Don‘t worry, sir. I‘m sure I can run _________ to catch up with them.
A. slowly enough B. enough slowly C. fast enough D. enough fast 2. The text is very easy for you. There are ________ new words in it. A. a few B. a little C. few D. little
3. It‘s such an ________ film that all the students are ______ in it.
A. interesting; interested B. interested; interesting C. interesting; interesting D. interested; interested; interested
4. Mingming got up very _______,so he came to school half an hour ______. A. late; lately B. lately; late C. lately; lately D. late; late 5. I am ________ worried about y parents‘ healthy conditions.
A. some times B. sometime C. sometimes D. some times 6. We don‘t have ________ every day.
A. a lot of school works B. many school work C. any school works D. much school work
7. –Look! How fast the two horses are running! --Oh, yes! They are nearly _______.
A. up and down B. slower and slower C. more or less D. neck and neck 8. ______ children there are in family,_______ their life will be.
A. The less; the better B. The fewer; the better C. Fewer; richer D. More; poorer 9. Most of the people in Guangdong are getting ________.
A. more and more rich B. more rich and more rich C. richer and richer D. richer and richest
10. Which lesson is _______, this one or that one?
A. difficult B. much difficult C. more difficult D. the most difficult 11. ―A ______ accident happened at 7:30 a.m.‖ said the policeman _______.
A. serious, serious B. seriously, seriously C. seriously, serious D. serious, seriously 12. ________ is it from our school to Lupu Bridge?
A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much
13. In our city, it is ______ in July, but it is even _______ in August. A. hotter; hottest B. hot; hot C. hotter; hot D. hot; hotter 14. This pencil is ______ that one.
A. so long as B. as longer as C. longer than D. not as longest as 15. The station is two kilometers _______ the hospital. A. away to B. far away C. far from D. away from
16. Beijing has ______ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours. A. so B. very C. too D. much
17. This box is ______ heavy ________ I can‘t carry it.
A. too, to B. so, that C. very, that D. too, that 18. India has the second _______ population in the world. A. larger B. most C. smallest D. largest
19. Mary received ________ many postcards at Christmas. A. so B. such C. too D. even
20. The cake smells ______. Please throw it away. A. good B. badly C. bad D. well 21. --- What was the weather like yesterday?
--- It was terrible. It rained so ________ that people could _______ go out.
A. hardly…hard B. hardly… hardly C. hard… hardly D. hard… hard 22. The meeting will be held in half an hour, but they haven't got everything ready_____. A. ever B. already C. yet D. still 23. --- What about the English novel?
--- It's not very difficult. There are only ________ new words in it. A. few B. a few C. many D. a little 24. How beautiful she sings! I've never heard ________.
A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice 25. Mr Smith always has ________ to tell us.
A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C.some good piece of news D. some piece of good new 26. I'm afraid the headmaster is _________ busy to meet the visitors. A. too much B. much too C. so much D. very much
27. – Dad , when will you be free? You agreed to go to the seaside with me four days ago. -- I am sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a ______ holiday soon. A. four-days B. four-day C. four days D. four day
28. The scenery in Sanya looks ________, especially \"Tian Ya Hai Jiao\" is ________.
A, well, best B. fine, the most famous C. nice, better D. beautifully, the best 29. What a _______ day it is! Let's go out for a walk.
A. windy B. lovely C. rainy D.cloudy
30. Of the two..Australian students , Masha is ________ one. I think you can find her easily. A, tallest B, the taller C. taller D. the tallest
介 词
1．Mrs. Brown came to China ____ 1996.A．from B．of C．to D．in
2．The room was full ____ smoke after the big fire. A．of B．with C．in D．for 3．Here are some presents ____ you ____ our best wishes. A．to; with B．for; with C．of; about D．for; for 4．Both Mr Green and Mrs Green were born ____ June, 1956.A．in B．at C．on D．for 5．The little boy is always interested ____ science. A．with B．by C．in D．at 6．Li Lei often gets up ____ seven o'clock on Sundays.A．on B．in C．at D．for 7．They arrived early ____ a Tuesday morning.A．on B．at C．in D．of 8．Macao（澳门）will return to our motherland ____ December 20th, 1999. A．on B．at C．in D．for 9．----When were you born? ----I was born ____ August 25, 1983. A．on B．in C．at D．to
10．Let me show you the place ____ the map.A．with B．on C．in
11．John knows ____ a computer.A．how to use B．how use C．how uses
12．The visitors ____ Japan arrived ____ Beijing Station last Tuesday morning. A．from; at B．of; to C．from; to D．of; on
13．The teacher will be back ____ an hour.A．in B．after C．on 14．This programme was sent to the USA ____ China ____ satellite. A．in; of B．of; in C．from; by D．by; from
15．It's cold outside. Please your warm clothes.A. put in B. take off C. put on D. put up
16．He got many gifts his birthday his friends. A. on, from B. in, of C. at, to D. from, for
17．The classroom is quite different that one.A. of B. from C. with D. like
18．Look, you'll see a bridge the river.A. on B. above C. over D. in 19．–Your coat looks nice, Is It cotton? -Yes. It's Shanghai. A. made of, made by B. made of, made in C. made for, made in D. made from made by
20．Tow may fall the others because he has missed so many lessons. A. after B. behind C. later D. out of 二、用适当的介词填空
1．What's wrong ____ your watch? 2．One ____ the students is in the classroom. 3．I think the shop is closed ____ this time of day.4．My father teaches English ____ a school.
5．We have lunch ____ the middle of the day.
6．You can buy some school things ____ your way home.7．I was born ____ July 1, 1982.
8．May I borrow a pencil ____ you?9．Don't sleep ____ the open air.
10．I often help my mother ____ _ the housework.11．It's time ____ school. 12．I have quite a lot ____ homework to do.13．What's the time? It's half ____ seven.
14．Ducks are good ____ swimming.15．What are you talking __ 16．He is sitting ____ the front of the car. 17．The eraser was passed ____ one student ____ another.18．Did you live ____ Beijing in 1997?
19．When did you arrive ____ the village?20．I think Mary is ____ duty today. 21．Eating too much isn't good ____ your health.
22．I'm afraid he is ____ the cinema ____ the moment.23．Thanks ____ asking me to your party.
24．My watch is very different ____ yours.25．What's the weather ____ today? 26．The student is asking his teacher ____ the sports meeting.
动 词 的 语 态
1、被动语态的构成
肯 定 句： 主语+ be+ 过去分词 +（by…） eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
现以动词give为例，其被动语态的各种时态如下： 式 一 般 进 行 完 成 时 现在 Am / is /are + given Am/is/are +being + Have / has +been given +given 过去 Was / were + given Was / were + being + Had +been + given given 将来 Shall/ will + given Shall / will +be + given Should /would + be + given 含情态词的 Can / may /must +be +given 主动语态变被动语态的步骤: 主动句: The boy broke the window yesterday.
被动句: The window was broken by the boy yesterday. 步骤一：原句中的宾语the window变成主语。
步骤二：谓语动词broke改为被动形式：was broken 步骤三：原句中的主语The boy放在介词by的后面。 步骤四：其他成分如：yesterday不变。 5) 有两个宾语的句子的被动语态： A. 可有两种被动语态的常用动词有：buy，give，leave，lend，offer，pay，teach，tell，show，等。
1. He gave me the book just now.
The book was given to me( by him) just now. = I was given the book (by him) just now. ·练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ 一、选择填空
1.The question ______by us soon. A.is going to discuss B.will discuss
C.is going to be discussed D.has been discussed 2.The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he______. A.must look after B.must be taken care C.must be looked after D.must take care of 3. All the new words ______up in the dictionary yet. A.have looked B.haven‘t looked C.have been looked D.haven‘t been looked 4.There was no room for you. All the seats ______.
A. are taken B.was taken C.had taken D.had been taken 5. A model ship ______his son by Mr More. A.was made for B.was made to C.made for D.makes for 6.----Dad, please open the door, it ______. ----OK, dear. I am coming.
A.was locked B.locks C.is locked D.locked 7. This kind of sweater______very soft. A.is felt B.feels C.feel D.is feeling
8.----Have all the students known that our class will visit the factory this afternoon? ----Yes. Every student______about it. A.told B.has told C.was told D.tells 9.The cake ______delicious. A.smell B.is smelled C.is smelling D.smells 10.My father has given up smoking since he ______on.
A.will operate B.will be operated C.operated D.was operated 11.A new school ______ these days. A. is building B. is built
C. well build D. is being built 12. The cake ______delicious. A. smell B. is smelled C. is smelling D. smells
13.I________there would be a football match on Channel 8 tomato A. will tell B. have told C. was told D. will be told 14.The librarian told me that the book______for two weeks.
A. can be borrowed B. can be kept C. could be borrowed D. could be kept 15.When______this kind of computer _______? is; used B. was; used C. did; use D. are; used
16.The new computers_______to the village school as present last month. are given B. given C. were given D. gave 17.I really don‘t know_______about it.
A.what to do B.how to do C. to do what D. how can I do
18.Your shoes_______. You‘d better come to get them in half an hour.
are mending B. have mended C. are being mended D. have been mended 19.Though he had often made his little sister______,today he was made____by her. A.cry; to cry B.crying; crying C. cry; cry D.to cry; cry 20.When_____the accident________?
A.was; happened B.has; happened C.was happebeing D.did; happen 二、用所给动词的正确形式填空。
Some ideas ______(give) to college students by him yesterday. ----Do you like the music ―Moonlight‖?
----Yes, it ______really beautiful!(sound)
He won‘t come to the party unless Sue ______.(invite) The chair needs______.(repair)
―Quick‖ is another way of ______―fast‖.(say)
This kind of bike ______in that factory, but you can‘t buy it now.(make) Cotton ______in the country.(plant)
Man-made satellites ______by Chinese people.(send) This kinds of shoes ______out by now.(sell) The room must ______ clean every day.(keep)
动 词 不 定 式
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
动词不定式的基本形式是―to + 动词原形‖，有时可以不带to。动词不定式（或不定式短
语）没有人称和数的变化，
句法作用 作宾语 作状语 作宾语补足语 例 句 She wanted to borrowed my radio. They began to read and write. She went to see her grandma last Sunday . He came to give us a talk yesterday. Lucy asked him to turn off the radio. She asked me to speak more loudly Jim told Ling Feng to go home at once . The father made his son study hard. Have you got anything to say? I had something to eat this morning . 作定语 作主语 To learn a foreign language is not easy. 4) 不定式省去to的情况: 在感官动词see，watch，look at，hear， listen to，feel和使役动词make，have，let等所接的宾语中（不定式做宾语不足语），不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中不能省。如：
I saw him run away.------He was seen to run away. 5) 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what ,which, how, where, when 等连用，构成不定式短语。如： The question is when to start. I don‘t know where to go .
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 翻译下列句子，说出句中不定式的作用： 1. To grow plants is very important. 2. It is so nice to hear your voice. 3. My dream is to be a pilot.
4. He began to read and write at the age of five. 5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly. 6. Tom came to see me last night. 7. I am glad to see you.
8.Have you got anything to say?
9.There are many places to see in China. 10.I asked him not to open the window. 11. I don‘t know what to buy for you. 12. I saw him dance.
13. He often helps me clean the room. 14. They are too shy to speak English.
15. He was lucky enough to find his watch. 16. I want you to go there together with me. 选择最佳答案填空：
1. Tell him ______ the light.
A. to turn B. not to turn on C. to not turn D. not to turn
2. It took us more than two hours _______ the dinner.
A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare D. to be prepared 3. We felt the earth _______.
A. move B. moveing C. to move D. be moved 4. The students were made ______ the text ten times.
A. read B. reading C. to read D. to be read 5. The chair looks rather hard _______, but in fact it is very comfortable. A. to sit B. to sit on C. sitting D. sit 6. Nobody knows __________next.
A. what to do B. to do what C. which to do D. how to do 7. It is very important ______ us ________these words.
A. to, to remember B. for, to remember C. for, remember D. for, remembering 8. _______ English well, one must have a lot practice.
A. For speaking B. Speaking C. To speak D. Speak 9. I‘m going to the library ______ the books.
A. return B. borrow C. to return D. to lend 10. We went to town _________ some shopping.
A. doing B. did C. to make D. to do 11. The funny story _______ me laugh.
A. make B. making C. to make D. made
12. After the final exam, I think all the students want _________. A. stop to have a rest B. to stop having a rest C. to stop to have a rest D. stopping to have a rest
13. It is very kind _______ you to help me with my housework. It is hard _____me to do all the work.
A. of, for B. for, of C. of, to D. to, for 14. Many people think it very difficult _______ English.
A. to say B. to learn C. speak D. for speaking
15. The teacher asked the students __________ her _______ the word again. A. listen to; to read B. to hear; say
C. to listen to; speak D. to listen to; pronounce 16.Remember ______ the book here tomorrow.
A. bring B. to bring C. take D. to take 17. ---Let's have a rest, shall we?
--- Not now. I don't want to stop _______ the letter yet.
A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write
18. ---This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me __________, Wang Lin? --- Sure.
A. what to work it out B. what to work out it C. how to work it out D. how to work out it 19.--- How can I improve my spoken English?
--- You have to practise ______ as much as you can.
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 20. --- How about going hiking this weekend? --- Sorry. I prefer _______ rather than _______.
A. to stay at home, go out B. to go out, stay at home C. staying at home, go out D. going out, stay at home
宾 语 从 句
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
2． 宾语从句的引导词有三类：
(1) 以that 引导的宾语从句，主要用来引导句形式的宾语从句， She told me (that)
she would like to go with us.
(2) 以连接代词which, what, who等或连接副词how, where, why 等引导的宾语从句，
从句是陈述语序
eg, Could you tell me what‘s the matter with u?
(3) 以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问
句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序
eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei . 3．宾语从句的时态
(1) 当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般将来时态时，从句可用所需要的
任何时态。 eg, I want to know what time he got up this morning.
You are telling me that you won‘t stop until tomorrow?
(2) 当主句为一般过去时态时， 从句要用于过去有关的时态。
eg,They asked what Jean was doing now . Linda said that the train had left.
(3) 当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时。
eg, Lisa asked whether light travels faster than sound. Polly said no news is a good news
注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用， 但有些情况例外。
1. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if
eg, We are talking about whether we‘ll go on the pinic. 2. 引导词与动词不定式或 not 连用时， 只用whether.
eg, Please let me know what to do next. Could you tell me whether u go or not?
3. if当如果讲时， 引导的是条件状语从句， 这时不能用whether.
eg, You can‘t work the plan out if you don‘t have the meeting .
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. The teacher asked the students ________.
A. if they were interested in dinosaurs B. when was Albert Einstein born C. what they will do with the computers D. how many trees they have planted 2. Could you tell me _______ ?
A. what the matter is with you B. what was the matter with you C. hat‘s the matter with you D. what‘s the wrong with you . 3.He asked me _______ I could sing the song ―My Heart will Go On.‖ A. if B. weather C.what D. that
4.Our teacher told us that the moon _________ round the earth. A. went B. turned C.go D. turns 5. It makes no difference __________. A. whether will you come tomorrow. B. Whether or not will be pass the exam C. If he will come to the meeting or not
D. Whether he will come to the meeting or not 6. They don‘t know _______ their parents are.
A.that B. what C. why D. which 7. I am sure _______ you said is true.
A. what B. that C. which D. who 8. The old man told us _______ and ________.
A. to do what , to do how B. what to do it, how to do it C. what to do, how to do it D. what to do , how to do 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！
1.---Do you know when the World Cup ________ next week? --- Next Friday. When it ________, I will ring you.
A. begins, begins B. begins, will begin C. will begin, will begin D. will begin, begins
2.--- Today or tomorrow?
--- What are you talking about?
--- We are talking about _______ to give a talk on WTO.
A. how B. where C. when D. what 3. I wonder _________.
A. where does he live B. where he live C. he lives where D. where he lives 4. --- Are you sure you have to ? It's been very late. --- I don't know _____ I can do it if not now.
A. where B. why C. when D. how 5. ---Would you please tell me _________? --- In a small village near Niingbo.
A. where was your mother born B. where your mother was born C. when was your mother born D. when your mother was born 6. The photograph will show you ________.
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 7. --- Can you guess if they _______ to play basketball with us? --- I think they'll come if they _________ free.
A.will come, will be B. will come, are C. come, are D. come, will be 8. ---Where does he come from ? --- Pardon?
--- I asked where_________.
A…. did he come from B. he came from C. he comes from D. does he come from 9. She wondered __________.
A. how much he cost the computer B. how much he paid for the computer C. how much the computer will cost him D. how much did he spend on the computer
10. ---Do you know ________?
--- I'm not sure. Maybe he is a businessman.
A. who he is B. who is he C. what he does D. what does he do
状 语 从 句
各类状语从句连接词（短语）一览表： 时间 when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, before 条件 If, unless 原因 As, because, since 地点 Where 目的 So that, in order that 结果 So that, so…that, such…that 让步 though, although, even if, however 方式 As 比较 than, (not)as…as, 时间状语从句：Whenever he comes, he brings a friend. 他每次来都带个朋友。 条件状语从句：As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 只要我活着， 我就要学习。 原因状语从句：Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather.
地点状语从句：Put it where we can all see it.把它放在我们都能看到的位置。
目的状语从句：Finish this so that you can start another.把这个做完，你可以开始另一个。 结果状语从句：He was so angry that he couldn‘t say a word. 他气得说不出话了。 让步状语从句：Though he is in poor health, he works hard.
方式状语从句：Students do as the teachers say.学生们按照老师说的去做。 比较状语从句：The work isn‘t as easy as I thought.这项工作比我想象得难。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
2．Because,as,since 的区别：
Because用于表示直接原因,回答why提出的问题，语气最强；As用于说明原因, 着重点在主句，常译成―由于‖；since表示显然的或已知的理由或事实，常译成―既然‖。如： Water is very important because we can‘t live without it. He didn‘t come yesterday as his mother was ill. I‘ll do it for you since you are busy. 3．such…that, so…that, so that 引导结果状语从句的区别：
such是形容词，修饰名词; so 是副词，修饰形容词或副词。其结构如下： 1) such + a (n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词+that…… 2) such+形容词+复数可数名词+that …… 3) such +形容词+不可数名词+that……。如：
This was such a good film that I went to see it several times. It was such good books that they sell well. It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home. He spoke so fast that I couldn‘t follow him. He is such a lovely boy that we all like him. =He is so lovely a boy that we all like him. 注：在―形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词‖结构中，当名词前有many, much, few, little表示数量的多少时，名词前用so。如：
She made so many mistakes that she didn‘t pass the exam. 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！ Ⅰ.选择填空：
1. The man can’t get on the bus because there ________ no room on it. A. was B. is C. are D. were
2. I was listening to the music ________ there was a knock at the door.
A. while B. when C. because D. until
3. You may leave the classroom when you ________ writing.
A. will finish B. are finishing C. have finished D. had finished 4. I don’t know if he ________ tomorrow, if he _________ ,I’ll meet him. A. will come, comes B. comes, comes
C. will come, will come D. come, will come 5. ________ I read, the more I understand.
A. The more B. So much C. How much D. For all
6. Would you give Johnny this letter if you ________ to see him this week. A. will happen B. happen C. are happened D. happened
7. She was busy, ________ she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night. A. and B. so C. or D. but
8. English is ________ a useful language ________ it is spoken in many countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because 9. You will not succeeded if you ________ harder.
A. will work B. won’t work C. work D. don’t work 10.Write clearly ________ your teacher can understand you correctly. A. since B. for C. because D. so that 11.________ he failed , he went on doing the experiment. A. Even B. Yet C. Although D. in spite of 12.The light went out while we ________ supper.
A. had B. had had C. were having D. would have 13.His brother has worked there ________ he left school. A. when B. after C. since D. until
14.The boy didn’t stop talking ________ the second bell rang. A. when B. until C. after D. because
15. ________ I came into the office, the teacher were having a meeting. A While B. When C. Once D. Since Ⅱ.用动词的适当形式填空：
1. It ________ (be) nearly two years since we went to the party last. 2. He is hungry, because he ________ (not have ) his breakfast yet. 3. When Tom’s mother came home, little Tom _______ (cry) loudly. 4. I ________ (not know) it until you ________ (tell) me. 5. They started as soon as they ______ (receive)my telephone. 6. He ________ (leave) as soon as he ________ (drink) his coffee.
7. Edison placed a big mirror behind the lamps so that the doctor ________ (operate).
8. He ________(be) better today than he ________ (be) yesterday. 9. I hope you ________ (be) happy while you ________ (be)here.
定 语 从 句
先行词指物时， 关系代词用that 或which（在句中作主语或宾语）。
如：China is a country which / that has a large population.
先行词指人时， 关系代词用（who）作主语或宾语，whom (作宾语)，whose (作定语)，
that (作主语或宾语)。 如：
The man who is mending the machine has been retired.
注意：下列情况下关系代词只用that 而不用which 或 who。
先行词是指物的不代词，如：all, little, few, much, none, anything, nothing, everything
等时。如：I didn‘t understand the words all that he said.
2．先行词由最高级、序数词以及any, very, only, all, no, just 等所修饰。如：This is the
most beautiful place that I have been to .
行词既包括人，也包括物。如：They always like to talk about the man and the things that
they see on the road.
当主句是以which 或who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：who is the man that opened up the
lab.
He is a friend ______ can help you in time of need.
A. who he B. whose C. / D. who
The most important thing ______ we should pay attention to is the first thing ______ I have said.
A. which, that B. that, which C. which, which D. that, that This is the only one of these books that ______worth reading.
A．has B. have C. is D. are The man ______ talked to you just now is my father.
A. who B. he C. which D. whose They thought too much about ______.
A. which I had said B. what I had said C. that I had said D. I had said
1． Did you find the notebook ______ Jim had given me for my birthday?
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 2. That‘s all ______ I have seen and heard.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
3. Have you seen the man ______ plan we were talking about ______ yesterday ? A. who, them B. its, them C. whose,/ D. whose, them
4.The Oscar is one of the film prizes ______ offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far. A. which are not B. that have not been C. that has not D. that has not been 5. He never reads anything ______ is not worth reading. A. that B. as C. who D. which
6. The man ________ coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who's B. whose C. that D. of which 7. _________ cleans the classroom can go home first.
A. Anyone B. those whoo C. However D. The one who 8. The police caught the man _______ stole my handbag. A. he B. that C. whom D. which
9. The girl ________ is reading under the tree ________ my sister.
A. which, is B. whom, was C. who , is D. who, was 10. George Mallory was an English teacher _______ loved climbing. A. who B. whom C. he D. which
—主谓一致
1. Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Two days _____enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day. A. isn’t B. is C. are’t D. are
3. —How many lessons do you usually haver a day?
—Six lessons a day. And each of then _____45 minutes. A. last B. lasts C. have D. are
4. Neither Liping nor I _______a basketball player. A. am B. is C. be D. are 5. There ______ many new words in lesson one,It is very easy. A. is B. aren’t C. isn’t D. are
6. The number of the students in our school ____1200. A. is B. are C. has D. have
7. Maths _______ my favourite subject. A. be B. is C. am D. are 8. The boy with the two dogs _____ when the earthquake rocked the city. A. were sleeping B. is sleeping C. was sleeping D. are asle 9. Every one except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began. A. are B. is C. were D. was
10. That place is not interesting at all, ____of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some
11. Nobody but Jane _____ the secret. A. know B. knows C. have know D. is 12. —What’s on the plate? some eggs and cakes on it?
—There _____some eggs and cakes on it. A. is B. are C. was D. were 13. This pair of glasses ______mine. A. are B. be C. is D. will be 14. Both Lily and Lucy ______ to the party yesterday.
A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invirted 15. —Two months ______quite a long time.
—Yes, I’m afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons. A. is B. are C. was D. were 16. In the city the old _______.
A. take good care of B. are taken good care of C. is taken good care of D. are been taken good care of
17. His family _____all very kind and friendly, His family ______a happy one. A. are,is B. is,is C. are,are D. is,are 18. The singer and the dancer _____come to Beijing. A. has B. have C. are D. is
19. The children in this class each _____new school bag. A. have B. has C. has got D. are having 20. All but one _____ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
虚拟语气 类别 例句 与现在事实相If he were here, he 反 would help us. If I had been free, I 与过去事实相would have visited 反 you. If it should rain 与将来事实相tomorrow, we would 反 not go camping. They are talking as if as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 they had been friends for years. Turn on the light so in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / that we can see it may / might / would等+动词原形 clearly. demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+He suggested that we 动词原形 not change our mind. I wish I could be a pop wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词singer. 原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 用法 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If引导的条件从句 其它状语从句 宾语从句 1.The boy isn’t hungry. If he ______ (be) hungry, he ______ (eat) the cake. 2.He’s been away since last Sunday. If he ______ (be) here yesterday, he ______ (attend) the concert. 3.I couldn’t keep away after twelve. If I ______ (work) all night, I ______ (finish) it in time.
4.We didn’t know her address. If we ______ (know) it, we ______ (send) a note to her.
5.You’re late. If you ______ (come) a few minutes earlier, you ______ (meet) the famous woman scientist.
1.If I ________ your book, I’ll give it to you.
A. will find B. have found C. find D. finds
2. If I found your book, I ______ give it to you. A. will B. had C. / D. would 3. If he _______ the exam, he would fail it. A. would take B. took C. will take D. takes
4. What would you do if you ______ your passport in a foreign country. A. will lose B. lost C. losses D. would lose
5. If I invited Bill to the party, I _____ invite Linda too. A. would have to B. would C. will have to D. will must
6. If we _______ go to the party next week, they would be very angry. A. don’t B can’t C. have to D. dinn’t
7. ---Sahll I open all the windows? ---Yes, please, if you _______. A. shall B. would C. can D. have to
8. I don’t know _______, if he _______, I’ll tell you. A. if he comes, will come B. if he will come, comes
C. whether she comes, comes D. whether she will come, comes 9. I wish I ______ younger. A. were B. are C. am D. /
10. Do you ever wish you __? A.can fly B. have flown C.could fly D.would fl
综合填空：
2.The beautiful scenery of Qingdao ______a large number of people to visit every year.(attract) 3.Our room is on the eleventh floor. What about ______? (you) 4.Summer is the ______ season of the year. (hot)
5.We must ______our classroom clean and tidy every day.(keep)
6. ______of Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympic.(thousand)
7.The book is rather interesting. It‘s ______reading again.（worth）
8.Thank you for ______me your dictionary. I‘ll return it to you soon.(lend) 9.Hard work brings ______.(successful)
10.We should do something to stop waste water from ______rivers and seas.（pollute） 11.The old man put on his sweater and ______out alone.(go) 12.One of the ______comes from South Africa.（science）
13.I think I can do ______in French this year than last year. （well）
14.After three ______study, we worked out the physics problem.（month） 15. I went upstairs and ______at the door. (knock)
16.The children are playing ______in the park. (happy) 17.Her brother enjoys ______very much. (surf)
18.I have ______a seat on the plane, but the flight was canceled.(book) 19.She lay______for hours thinking over her business.(wake) 22.There is a big difference between you and ______.(I)
23.He often ______speaking English with foreigners.(practice) 24.We have some problems______there.(get)
25.Katy thinks ______in town is more exciting than in the country.(live) 26.I heard her ______when I walked past her room.(sing)
27.Telll me the ______number, don‘t use ―about‖or ―or so‖.(exactly) 28.We lived in a place ______Gum Tree. (call)
29.My daughter says he‘s feeling even______today.(ill)
30.The weather gets warmer, and the days get ______. (long) 31.In which country is the weather most like ______?(China) 32.----Jim, have you written a letter to your aunt? ----Yes, Mum. I ______ one last week.(write)
33.Look at the sign:―No ______!‖. I am afraid you can‘t smoke here.(smoke) 34.Don‘t keep me ______for a long time.(wait)
35.The police have caught the thief who matches the man‘s ______.(describe) 单选：
1 Please ______ a coat with you whenyou go out.
bring B.put C.get D.take 2 He finished ______the book yesterday evening.
seeing B.watching C.reading D.looking 3 It‘s getting warmer and warmer. The flowers start to ______.
come in B.come over C.come out D.come on 4 They will ______Qingdao tonight.
arrive B.get C.reach D.go 5 Soon Cathy ______up with me, then we were neck and neck.
taught B.caught C.bought D.brought
6 Again and again the doctor ______the crying girl, but he couldn‘t find what was wrong with
her.
looked over B.looked after C.looked for D.looked out 7 You ______go and ask Lily . She ______know the answer.
must, can B.must, may C.need, can D.can, may 8. I bought a new dictionary and it ______me $30.
paid B.spent C.took D.cost
9.The children planted more trees and flowers after they______Greener China.
joined B.took part in C.became D.were 10.Could you tell me something more about Hong Kong? I am ______going there for a holiday soon.
looking up B.thinking about C.trying out D.finding out 11.What a nice bag! But she ______only thirty dollars for it.
A. cost B.took C.spent D.paid 12.No matter how hard it is, we‘ll keep ______until we make it. failed B.failing C.tried D.trying 13.I must return the camera to Cindy. I ______it for two weeks.
keep B.borrowed C.have kept D.have lent
14.I am sure our volleyball team will______the team from No. 3 Middle School.
win B.fail C.lose D.beat 15.Tracy can‘t play the match now. Please ______instead.
have Gina do it B.have Linda to do it C.make Jane to do it D.let Daisy to do it 16.----Do you like______a doctor for the children?
----Yes. To be a children‘s doctor is rewarding. be B.being C.are D.become
17.----What do you think of her voice? ----It______very sweet, I should say.
hears B.sounds C.listens D.sings 18.----How much does it ______to fly from Beijing to Qingdao one-way? ----About 1,000 yuan.
cost B.pay C.spend D.take 19.----Water-skiing and surfing are my favourite. How about you ? ----I ______surfing to water-skiing.
A. think B.agree C.want D.prefer 20.----It‘s more and more important to protect our earth.
----I think so. If everyone ______a contribution to it, our world will be more beautifu..
A. make B.makes C.will make D.make 21.You ______swim in this part of the lake. It‘s dangerous.
mustn‘t B.needn‘t C.won‘t D.may 22.Jenny is a nurse and ______in Town Hospital.
works B.worked C.had worked D. working 23.----Where is Sandy?
----He ______to anwer the phone. He‘ll be back in a minute.
had gone B.has gone C.has been D.went
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