第5讲 情态动词
情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪,本身词义不全，不能单独作谓语,后面必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有can, could， may, might, must, have to， shall， should， will, would， ought to， need, dare， used to等.
一、情态动词的基本用法 （一）can， could的用法 【完成例句】
（1)他妈妈会说法语。
His mother can / could speak French。
【结论1】表示体力或脑力(知识、技能）所产生的能力。 【翻译句子】
(2)Man can / could not live without air。 人没有空气不能呼吸。
【结论2】 表示客观的可能性。 【翻译句子】
(3）Could you wait a few days for the money？ 钱你可以再等几天吗?
（4）Could you be here at eight o’clock tomorrow morning？ 你能明天早上8点钟到这儿吗？
【结论3】表示请求、建议，用could 比 can语气更委婉（回答用原形）。
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
【翻译句子】 来源:学科网]
(5)Could / Can I borrow your reference books？ 我可以借下你的参考书吗？
（6)You can smoke in the entrance hall. 你可以在入口大厅抽烟。
【结论4】表示允许、许可，用could 比 can更委婉客气。 【疑难1】 Can it be true？
You can't be serious！
Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean?
【疑难剖析1】 否定句、疑问句和感叹句中，can表示怀疑、惊异、不相信的态度。 【疑难2】
They were able to put out the fire without any help from the firefighters。 【疑难剖析2】 表示“经过努力后终于能……”,用be able to。 【疑难3】
You can not be too careful.
【疑难剖析3】惯用形式“can not （can’t）…too / over / enough\"表示“无论怎么……也不（过分)”,用来加强语气。 【疑难4】
I couldn’t but choose to wait。
【疑难剖析4】 cannot but do sth. 不得不;只好 （二）may, might的用法
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
【例句观察】
May I ask you a question? Might I close the window？
You mustn’t speak like that to your mother.
【结论1】 表示允许、请求。Might I …？ 比 May I …？ 语气更委婉和有礼貌。 【翻译句子】
(7） He might come tomorrow. 他可能明天来。
（8) He may be very busy these days。 他这些天可能很忙.
【结论2】表示可能性，表示“或许，大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中,用might 比 may语气更加不肯定。 【疑难1】
Study hard that you may work better in the future. They set out early so that they might arrive in time.
【疑难剖析1】用于目的状语从句中，含“为了……”或“以便……”之意. 【疑难2】
If that is the case， we may as well try.
Now that they were all here， she might as well speak her mind。 【疑难剖析2】 惯用形式 may （might)as well＋动词原形：不妨做……
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
【疑难3】
May you succeed！
May the friendship between us last forever！
【疑难剖析3】表示祝愿。(不用might)采用部分倒装语序：may＋主语＋动词原形＋…… （三)must，have to的用法 【完成例句】
(9)所有人必须遵守条例。
Everybody must obey the rules。 (10)不准你和你妈妈那样说话。
You mustn't speak like that to your mother。
【结论1】must 表示“必须\"。强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定式是must not （mustn’t)，表示“禁止”，“不准”。 【翻译句子】
(11)走了很远的路你一定饿了。
You must be hungry after the long walk。
【结论2】must表示有把握的推测，意为“一定,肯定”，用于肯定句中.
【翻译句子】
(12 )因为他的腿断了，他不得不躺在床上。 As he had broken his leg, he had to lie in bed.
【结论3】have to表示“必须，不得不”，着重强调客观需要，能用于更多时态（过去式和将来式)。
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
【疑难】
— How old are you， madam?
- If you must know， I'm twice my son's age。 【疑难剖析】 must有“偏要、硬要\"之意。 (四)will, would的用法 【例句观察】
I will do my best to help you。 我会尽力帮你的。
He said that they would help us。
他说他们会帮助我们的。［来源:学科网ZXXK]
【结论1】用于各种人称,表示意志或决心.will指现在，would则指过去.
【完成例句】
(13）你可以教我怎样驾车吗？
Would you teach me how to drive a car? (14)当你看见他能给他捎个便条吗？
Will you please give him a message when you see him？
【结论2】用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求，would 比 will更委婉。 【完成例句】
(15)鱼没水就会死。
Fish will die without water.
(16）星期天当他在北京的时候就会来看我。
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He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.
【结论3】表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性，意为“总是”,“惯于”。 will指现在，would是指过去。 【疑难1】[来源:Z.xx.k.Com］ That will be the man you want to see. Perhaps she would be willing to meet us.
【疑难剖析1】表示说话人的推测,意为“大概，也许”.would 的肯定性不如will强,语气比较弱。 【疑难2】 That will do。
The machine won't work。
He tried the door again, but it wouldn't open
【疑难剖析2】. 表示功能，译作“能”或“行”. 【疑难3】
would 与used to 的区别：
We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story。 （过去常有的习惯，但言下之意是现在可能还有这样的习惯。）
We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯，但言下之意是现在没有这样的习惯了。） There used to be a park here。
【疑难剖析3】 used to表示过去的某种习惯，现在已经没那样的习惯了；would 表示过去有某种习惯，现在可能还有.表示过去的状态，只能用used to，不能用would。
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(五)shall， should， ought to的用法 【翻译句子】
(17）我可以把灯关掉吗？ Shall I turn off the light？
【结论1】shall用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见。 【翻译句子】
（18） You should keep your promise. 你应该信守诺言。
【结论2】should意为“应该”，表义务、责任,也可表示劝告、建议。
【翻译句子】
（19）妈妈现在应该回来啦。 Mother should be back by now。
【结论3】 should表示按常规、常理推测，意为“可能”或“应该”。 【翻译句子】
(20) I should think you are mistaken。 我倒认为你是错的。
【结论4】提出意见、建议时，可用should表示委婉、谦逊的语气，意为“可”，“倒是\"。 【翻译句子】
（21)你应该在回家前完成作业。
You ought to finish your work before you go home.
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【结论5】ought to表示责任和义务“应该\"，语气比 should强；还可表推测。例如:
You have practiced for a long time。 There ought to be no difficulty for you。 【疑难1】
You shall go with me。 You shall not leave your post.
【疑难剖析1】shall用于第二、第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示说话人的决心、意志、许诺、命令、警告、威胁等. 【疑难2】
Why should you be so late？ 你今天来得怎么这么晚? How should I know？
我怎会知道！(意为：我不知道.）
【疑难剖析2】Why / How ＋should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟会”。 (六)need的用法 【例句观察】
You needn’t water the tomato plants now. - Need he come now?
- Yes, he must. / No, he needn‘t。 / he doesn't have to。
【结论1】need作情态动词表示“需要”，“必要”。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中，且只有现在时,其他时态用“have to”的
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
相应形式代替。 【翻译句子】
(22） The house needs repairing。 ＝The house needs to be repaired。 房子需要修理.
【结论2】need还可以用作行为动词,其变化和一般的动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时用动词主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式. 【疑难1】
— Must I finish my homework now？ - No， you needn't.
【疑难剖析1】“Must…？\"一般疑问句的否定回答要用：No， sb. needn't.
（七)dare的用法 【翻译句子】
(23） She dare not go there. 她不敢去那儿。
(24) How dare she do such a thing? 她怎敢做那样的事情？
【结论1】 dare作情态动词表示“敢于”用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。 【翻译句子】
(25） I dare say he is right.
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
我想他大概是对的吧.[来源:Z。xx.k。Com］ They've lived here since 2008.
【结论2】 惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我想，大概\". 【翻译句子】
（26) 你敢往海里跳吗？
Do you dare to jump into the ocean? (27） 我不敢问她。
I don’t dare （to） ask her.
【结论3】dare还可以用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同。 （在否定句中时，dare后的“to＋动词原形\"可以省略to)。 二、情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词除各自有自己的词义外，还可以表示猜测和责备（虚拟)等意义。情态动词表推测用法can / must / may / should这四个情态动词可以用于推测，可以对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作、过去已经发生的动作或对将来发生的动作进行推测.
(一)对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作的推测，用“情态动词＋动词原形”结构。 1。 can
【完成例句】
(28) He is in hospital. He can’t be at school. 他在住院，他不可能在校学习。
（29）英语课开始了，他们不可能在打网球。
English class has begun. They can not be playing tennis now。
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【结论1】否定句：意为“不可能”. 【完成例句】
(30） Can he have been to America? 他会不会去过美国？
【结论2】疑问句：意为“会不会\"。 2。 may
【完成例句】
（31）他有辆车，他可能坐车来，但我不确定。 He has a car. He may come by car， but I am not sure。 （32）他们在上体育课.男孩们可能正在打球。 They are having PE. Boys may be playing basketball。
【结论1】肯定句:意为“也许，可能”（might 的可能性更小） 【完成例句】
（33）没有人来接电话，他可能不在家。
No one comes to answer the phone. He may not be at home.
【结论2】否定句：意为“也许不 / 没有，可能不 / 没有” (注意与can’t 否定猜测时意思的对比)。[来源：Zxxk.Com] 3. must
【完成例句】
（34）地面是湿的,昨天晚上肯定下过雨。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.
【结论】只能用于“肯定句”表示猜测，意为：“肯定，必定”(＝I am sure that…)
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
4。 should， ought to 【例句观察】
It’s spring now. It should be warm. 现在是春天了,应该暖和点了.
The new coat ought to be ready on Thursday. 新外套到礼拜四应该能准备好了。
【结论】 肯定句 “理应，应当”(按常规、常理、风俗习惯等进行推测)。
（二）对过去所发生的事情的推测，用“情态动词＋完成式”结构。 【完成例句】
（35)房间里没有灯光，他们肯定已经上床睡觉了.
There’s no light in the room。 They must have gone to bed. 【结论1】must have done 一定做过某事。 【完成例句】
(36）他昨天不可能住酒店，他住在我家。
He couldn't have lived in the hotel because he stayed with me in my house.
【结论2】can have done / cannot have done表示对过去所发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定,通常用在否定句和疑问句中。 【翻译句子】
(37)你本来可以把工作做得更好一些的. You could have done the work better。
【结论3】 could have done本来可以做而实际上未做。
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
【完成例句】
（38)他也许可以给你更多的帮助，尽管他很忙。
He might have given you more help， even though he was very busy. 【结论4】may / might have done也许 / 或许已经……;本来可能……（但实际上没有发生)；本来应该或可以做某事(含有轻微的责备语气）。 【翻译句子】
(39）你本应该更加仔细地做这个练习。
You should / ought to have done the exercise more carefully. 【结论5】should / ought to have done
本来应该做而实际上未做.(有“弦外之音,言外之意”。事实上,动作在过去并未发生过。）而ought not to have done； shouldn't have done表示“本来不应该做而实际上做了”. 【完成例句】
（40）你本来不必来校上课，因为今天是星期天。
Today is Sunday。 You needn’t have come to school for lessons。 【结论6】needn't have done 本来没必要做而实际上做了。 【疑难1】
You must go now, needn't you？
You mustn’t smoke here, must / may you? 【疑难剖析1】
当must作“必须”意义时，其反义部分用needn't； 当含有mustn’t时，其反意部分用must / may。
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
【疑难2】
You must be hungry now, aren’t you？ You must have heard about it, haven't you?
You must have watched that football match last night, didn't you?
【疑难剖析2】当情态动词表推测时，反义部分的动词形式根据情态动词后面所隐含的时间来确定.
北京市2012届高三下学期综合练习试题分类汇编之阅读理解：北京
市石景山区
第三部分:阅读理解（共两节，40分）
第一节（共15小题，每题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
When I was eight, I saw a movie about an island that had an erupting volcano and jungles filled with wild animals．The island was ruled by a beautiful woman called Tondalaya， the Fire Goddess of the Volcano．It was a low budget movie， but to me， it represented the perfect life．But through the years, Tondalaya was forgotten．
The week I turned 50, my marriage came to a sudden end．My house, furniture and everything I'd owned was sold to pay debts that I didn’t even know existed．In a week I had lost my husband， my home and my parents who had refused to accept a divorce in the family．
I’d lost everything except my four teenage children．I used every
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penny I had to buy five plane tickets from Missouri to Hawaii．Everyone said I was crazy to think I could just run off to an island and survive．I was afraid they were right．
I worked 18 hours a day and lost 30 pounds because I lived on one meal a day．One night as I walked alone on the beach, I saw the red orange lava（火山岩） pouring out of Kilauea Volcano in the distance．It was time to live my imagination!
The next day, I quit my job, bought some art supplies and began doing what I loved．I hadn’t painted a picture in 15 years．I wondered if 1 could Still paint．My hands trembled the first time I picked up a brush．But before an hour had passed， I was lost in the colors spreading across the canvas（画布) in front of me．And as soon as I started believing in myself， other people started believing in me， too．The first painting sold for $ 1500．
The past six years have been filled with adventures．My children and I have gone swimming with dolphins, watched whales and hiked around the crater rim （火山口边缘） of the volcano．We wake up every morning with the ocean in front of us and the volcano behind us．
The dream I had more than 40 years ago is now reality．I'm living freely
and happily ever after．
56．Why did the writer go to Hawaii？ A．To make a living．
B．To spend her holiday．
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C．To free herself from trouble． D．To realize her childhood dream．
57．Which of the following is the writer’s dream? A．Get close to wildlife． B．Live a free and happy life． C．Live in nature with animals。 D．Become a successful painter．
58．We can infer from the passage that _____． A．the writer had never done painting before
B．the writer’s parents encouraged her to divorce C．the writer's husband took away most of her money
D．the writer wasn't sure whether she could survive in Hawaii at first
B
The Homeless World Cup is an international football tournament, where teams made up entirely of people who are homeless compete．The event has been held annually since 2003．
It was at the end of 2001 that Mel Young， a famous expert in the media industry, came up with the idea of the Homeless World Cup．18 months later the first event took place in Austria． It was such a success that people decided to do more．
There are some interesting and special rules of the event．For example， players(male or female at least 16 years old） must have been homeless at some time after the previous-year’s World Cup， or make
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their main living income by selling newspapers in the street， or be asylum （政治避难） seekers．Anyone can take part， regardless of his or her abilities．
There are at most 4 players per team to compete in the field．Games are
14 minutes long．
In 2007, 48 nations， 500 players took a once—in—a-lifetime opportunity to represent their countries for true spirit and glory in Copenhagen， Denmark．The winner in 2007 was Scotland．The 2008 Homeless World Cup took place in Melbourne, Australia．And in 2009 it was held in Milan．The latest Homeless World Cup was held in Rio de Janeiro， Brazil in September 2010． Paris 2011 Homeless World Cup．takes place August followed by the Mexico City 2012 Homeless World Cup．
The success of the competition has been in two aspects—to attract the world’s attention to the problems of homelessness and also to help participants live a better life．
According to a survey by the Homeless World Cup Organization after 2006 Homeless World Cup， 92％ of the players had a new motivation for life, 93 players successfully got rid of their dependency on drugs and alcohol, 44% improved their housing situation and 72% continued to play football．
59．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE？ A．The first Homeless World Cup took place in 2003．
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B．The Homeless World Cup was held every other year．
C．The host country of the 9th Homeless World Cup was Australia． D．Anyone who is homeless can take part in the Homeless World Cup． 60．The aim of the Homeless World Cup is to _____． A．promote the cause of football B．help the homeless live a better life
C．draw attention to those living in poverty
D．call on homeless people to unite and compete for honor 61．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Most players moved out of poverty．
B．Homeless players became professional footballers．
C．93% of the players were independent of drugs and alcohol．
D．The Homeless World Cup helped homeless people change their
lives．
62．What would be the best title for this passage? A．To End Homelessness． B．Football for Everyone．
C．Hope for the Homeless Players．
D．Beating Homelessness Through Football．
C
Although new laws have been passed in some American states to cut down on Distracted(分心的） driving ， many accidents and deaths were still related with it， especially using cell phones while driving．Recently the
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Obama administration is considering disabling cell phones in cars aiming to cut down cell-phone-related road deaths．
Transportation
Secretary
Ray
LaHood，
the
nation's
anti-distracted—driving supporter， said in an interview on November 18 that federal officials are looking at technology to disable cell phones inside cars．
”I think it will be done，” LaHood said．\"I think the technology is there and I think you’re going to see the technology become adaptable in automobiles to disable these cell phones— We need to do a lot more if we were going to save lives．”
Also on Thursday, the transportation government started a new ”Faces of Distracted Driving” video campaign that features people who have been killed or lost their loved ones because of inattentive drivers．The video features heartbreaking stories of children killed， in crashes because of phoning or text messaging， and new videos are expected to be added every few weeks．
A driver is four times more likely to crash while using a mobile phone．More than 5，500 people were killed last year by distracted drivers, and another 500,000 were injured．LaHood has said it is never safe to talk on a cell phone while driving， hands-free or not， because it can really cause distraction．
Incidentally， a lot of people seem to agree with this viewpoint-a new research shows nearly two-thirds of Americans support a national ban on
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the use of cell phones while driving， even if the driver is using a hands—free device（装置）．But the research didn’t ask how people feel about government—issued mobile phone scramblers or other disabling devices．
63．We can learn from the text that Ray LaHood _____． A．is in charge of the invention of the technology B．is strongly for the use of the technology in cars C．thinks it's easy and practical to invent the technology D．thinks it’s unnecessary to use cell phone while driving
64．The \"Faces of Distracted Driving\" video campaign aims to _____． A．find out the real drivers who caused the accidents
B．show that most of the victims in car crashes are children
C．make the public aware of the terrible results of distracted driving D．call on drivers to buy the new device which disables cell phones in
cars
65．In the last paragraph, the \"mobile phone scramblers” are probably
_____。
A．a kind of disabling devices B．a kind of hands—free devices C．a new kind of cell phones
D．new devices to help text messaging 66．We can infer from me text that _____．
A．most people realize the harmfulness of distracted driving
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
B．the disabling devices in cars will be widely used if it is free
C．most people would like to choose hands-free devices while driving D．the writer is not sure whether disabling devices will be accepted by
the drivers
D
Are you stressed out, scared or worried all the time? Do you avoid going to certain places， seeing friends or doing certain things because of your worries? Do your worries keep you awake at night? If you’ve answered yes， you may be suffering from anxiety．
Anxiety is a normal and necessary part of life．Anxiety is your brain’s way of telling you about danger．It is anxiety which helps you jump out of the way if a car is speeding towards you．But if it gets out of hand， anxiety can get in the way of your getting on with life and can become a real problem．If this is the case for you， treatment may be a helpful way for you to get your anxiety under control．
Anxiety is a normal part of life．Some people may feel uneasy if moving to a new place and some may get overly anxious in certain situations．There are lots of reasons for this．One main reason is after a stressful thing which has happened in your life．So， if you are involved in a car crash， it's quite likely that you will be more worried than other people around cars and driving．
Being anxious also probably runs in families．If your parents suffer from anxiety then you are more likely to be anxious too．This is probably
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
partly due to genetics, and partly because of how things are when you're growing up．
Even though people don’t talk about it much， anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems．About 1 in 4 people will have an anxiety problem at some time in their life．
If you have an anxiety problem it’s hard for other people to understand why something that doesn’t worry them， like being in a crowd of people， can be so scary for you．This can make you feel separated and lonely， as may become worse and worse．
The good news is there are lots of excellent treatments available for anxiety．These include taking therapies （疗法) and drugs． 67．Which of the following statements is true about， anxiety？ A．With anxiety you are far away from traffic accidents．
B．It’s abnormal for people to get too anxious after a stressful thing． C．Almost everybody has a certain degree of anxiety in certain
situations．
D．When you feel stressed out， scared or worried, you are surely
suffering from anxiety．
68．Which of the following reasons for anxiety is NOT mentioned in the
passage？
A．Illness． B．Experience． C．Genetics． D．Environment．
69．What can we infer from the fifth and sixth paragraph in the passage？
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
A．Anxiety is the most common mental health problem．
B．Those suffering from anxiety need others' understanding badly． C．About a quarter of the population are suffering from anxiety now． D．Once you suffer from anxiety, you’d better seek for medical
treatment．
70．The author will most probably talk about ______ following this
passage．
A．what is about anxiety
serious
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选
项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Meaning of Happiness
\"Are you happy？\" I asked my brother， Lan, one day， \"Yes．No．It depends what you mean，” he said．
\"Then tell me,\" I said, ”when was the last time you think you were
happy?”
”April 1967,”he said,
It served me right for putting a serious question to someone who has joked his way through life．But Lan's answer reminded me that when we think about happiness， we usually think of something extraordinary， a pinnacle（顶点） of sheer （纯粹的） delight, 71
B．what causes anxiety
C．how to handle anxiety D．when anxiety becomes
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
72 I remember playing police and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play．Of course， kids also experience lows， but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved．
In the teenage years， the concept of happiness changes． 73 I can still feel the pain of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to．I also remember the great happiness of being invited at another event to dance with a very handsome young man．
In adulthood the things that bring great joy —birth， love, marriage —also bring responsibility and the risk of loss．Love may not last; loved ones die．For adults, happiness is complex．
My dictionary defines ”happy\" as \"lucky” or ”fortunate\"．But I think a better definition of happiness is ”the ability to enjoy something\"． 74 It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved， the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please， even good health．
While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever．Happiness isn't about what happens to us; it's the ability to find a positive for every negative, and view a difficulty as a challenge． 75 A．For a child, happiness has a magic quality．
B．You never know where happiness will turn up next． C．So we chase it and make it equal to wealth and success． D．And those pinnacles seem to get rarer, the older we get．
学必求其心得，业必贵于专精
E．The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are．
F．It's not wishing for what we don't have, but enjoying what we do
possess．
G．Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement， love，
and popularity．
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